Portal:Energy

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Introduction

A plasma globe using electrical energy to create plasma, light, heat, movement, and a faint sound

Energy (from Ancient Greek ἐνέργεια (enérgeia) 'activity') is the quantitative property that is transferred to a body or to a physical system, recognizable in the capacity to do work and in the form of heat and light. Energy is a conserved quantity—the law of conservation of energy states that energy can be converted in form, but not created or destroyed. The unit of measurement for energy in the International System of Units (SI) is the joule (J).

Forms of energy include the kinetic energy of a moving object, the potential energy stored by an object (for instance due to its position in a field), the elastic energy stored in a solid object, chemical energy associated with chemical reactions, the radiant energy carried by electromagnetic radiation, the internal energy contained within a thermodynamic system, and rest energy associated with an object's rest mass. These are not mutually exclusive.

All living organisms constantly take in and release energy. The Earth's climate and ecosystems processes are driven primarily by radiant energy from the Sun. (Full article...)

Selected article

Photovoltaics (PV) is a method of generating electrical power by converting solar radiation into direct current electricity using semiconductors that exhibit the photovoltaic effect. Photovoltaic power generation employs solar panels composed of a number of cells containing a photovoltaic material. Due to the growing demand for renewable energy sources, the manufacturing of solar cells and photovoltaic arrays has advanced considerably in recent years.

Solar photovoltaics is growing rapidly, albeit from a small base, to a total global capacity of 40,000 MW at the end of 2010. More than 100 countries use solar PV. Installations may be ground-mounted (and sometimes integrated with farming and grazing) or built into the roof or walls of a building (building-integrated photovoltaics).

Driven by advances in technology and increases in manufacturing scale and sophistication, the cost of photovoltaics has declined steadily since the first solar cells were manufactured. Net metering and financial incentives, such as preferential feed-in tariffs for solar-generated electricity, have supported solar PV installations in many countries.

Selected image

Photo credit: United States Department of Energy
The fireball created as energy is released in a nuclear explosion.

Did you know?

An incandescent light bulb

• If atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations can be stabilized at 450 ppm, it is thought that there will be a 50% chance of avoiding dangerous climate change?

• The Itaipu hydroelectric power plant is currently the second largest power plant in the world, supplying over 90% of Paraguay's electricity, and 25% of Brazil's?

• Libya's Sirte Basin—which in some places lies more than 47 metres below sea level—contains roughly 80% of the country's known crude oil reserves?

• Approximately 95% of the electricity consumed by a normal incandescent light bulb (example pictured) is emitted as heat, rather than as visible light?

• Saudi Aramco is the largest oil corporation in the world and the world's largest in terms of proven crude oil reserves and production?

• Newcastle, Australia, is the world's largest coal export port?

• Surplus income from oil production in Norway is invested by the Government Pension Fund, one of the World's largest funds with a value of around US$ 800 billion?

• Energy superpowers Russia and Venezuela have, respectively, the world's largest reserves of natural gas and petroleum?

Selected biography

Roman Arkadyevich Abramovich (born 24 October 1966 in Saratov, Russia) is a Jewish Russian oil billionaire and one of the Russian oligarchs.

Between 1992 and 1995, after Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev's 'perestroika' economic reforms permitted the opening of small private businesses, Abramovich founded five companies that eventually evolved to specialize in the trading of oil and oil products. With the approved by Boris Yeltsin, in 1995 Roman Abramovich and partner Boris Berezovsky paid $100m for a controlling interest in the major Russian Sibneft oil company, then valued at $150 million. Berezovsky subsequently sold his stake to Abramovich after fleeing to London. In September 2005 Abramovich sold his interest in Sibneft to state energy giant Gazprom for $13 billion.

Despite maintaining that his primary residence is Moscow, in 2006 Abramovich was named as the second-wealthiest person in the United Kingdom. His property investments and other assets were estimated at £10.8 billion. In June 2003, Abramovich became the owner of the companies that control Chelsea Football Club (soccer club). He also became the world's greatest spender on luxury yachts, with four boats in what the media have called the 'Abramovich Navy'.

Although he rarely visits the area, in October 2005 Abramovich was reappointed governor of the impoverished Chukotka Autonomous Okrug in the Russian Far East where he has made significant financial contributions. He was originally elected to the governorship in 1999.

In the news

19 June 2026 – 2026 Labour Party leadership crisis

British home secretary Shabana Mahmood, energy secretary Ed Miliband, and transport secretary Heidi Alexander meet with prime minister Keir Starmer and reportedly urge him to set out a timetable for his departure following Andy Burnham's win in the 2026 Makerfield by-election. (The Herald) (The Telegraph)

16 June 2026 – Economic impact of the 2026 Iran war

Bloomberg reports that QatarEnergy plans to resume liquefied natural gas (LNG) production within two months once the Strait of Hormuz officially reopens. (Middle East Eye) (Pipeline and Gas Journal)

15 June 2026 – Economic impact of the 2026 Iran war

The United States Department of Energy reports that the Strategic Petroleum Reserve has fallen to its lowest level since 1983, after a decline of 9 million barrels per week during the Iran war. (CNBC)

12 June 2026 – 2025–2026 Indonesian protests

Hundreds of students protest against Indonesian president Prabowo Subianto prompted by a fuel price hike, governmental tensions, and mismanaged government spending on the Free Nutritious Meals program. (AP) (Reuters)

9 June 2026 – Mexican drug war

A car bomb explodes in the city of Escuinapa de Hidalgo, leaving property damage also affecting the city's energy supply. There are no casualties reported in the attack. In the same city a ring of violence leaves four people dead including a minor. (Milenio Noticias) (Noroeste)

General images

The following are images from various energy-related articles on Wikipedia.

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  Cracks at the historic Town Hall of Staufen im Breisgau presumed due to damage from geothermal drilling (from Geothermal power)
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  The Three Gorges Dam in Central China is the world's largest power-producing facility of any kind. (from Hydroelectricity)
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  Schematics of a grid-connected residential PV power system (from Solar power)
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  Electricity production by source (from Solar power)
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  The outdoor section of a heat pump. In contrast to oil and gas boilers, they use electricity and are highly efficient. As such, electrification of heating can significantly reduce emissions. (from Sustainable energy)
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  Peoples Gas Manlove Field natural gas storage area in Newcomb Township, Champaign County, Illinois. In the foreground (left) is one of the numerous wells for the underground storage area, with an LNG plant, and above-ground storage tanks are in the background (right). (from Natural gas)
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  Hydro generation by country, 2021 (from Hydroelectricity)
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  The launching ceremony of USS Nautilus January 1954. In 1958 it would become the first vessel to reach the North Pole. (from Nuclear power)
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  The Ffestiniog Power Station can generate 360 MW of electricity within 60 seconds of the demand arising. (from Hydroelectricity)
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  Part of the 354 MW Solar Energy Generating Systems (SEGS) parabolic trough solar complex in northern San Bernardino County, California (from Solar power)
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  Oil refinery in Iran (from Oil refinery)
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  The 120-MW_e Nesjavellir power station in southwest Iceland (from Geothermal power)
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  Cylinders of liquified petroleum gas (from Oil refinery)
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  A pipeline odorant injection station (from Natural gas)
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  The multi-mission radioisotope thermoelectric generator (MMRTG), used in several space missions such as the Curiosity Mars rover (from Nuclear power)
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  Measurement of the tailrace and forebay rates at the Limestone Generating Station in Manitoba, Canada (from Hydroelectricity)
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  Buildings in the Solar Settlement at Schlierberg, Germany, produce more energy than they consume. They incorporate rooftop solar panels and are built for maximum energy efficiency. (from Sustainable energy)
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  Refinery, Bayport Industrial Complex, Harris County, Texas (from Oil refinery)
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  China's count of multi-country patent filings has surged since the mid-2010s, leading in batteries and solar, though Europe still dominates in wind energy and smart grids. China also leads in highly cited publications in global peer-reviewed journals. (from Sustainable energy)
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  Actual annual deployments of solar PV vs predictions by the IEA for the period 2002–2016. Predictions have largely and consistently underestimated actual growth. (from Solar power)
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  Global geothermal electric capacity. Upper red line is installed capacity; lower green line is realized production. (from Geothermal power)
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  Thomas Young - the first to use the term "energy" to refer to kinetic energy in its modern sense, in 1802. (from History of energy)
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  Russia was a key oil and gas supplier to Europe (map from 2013). This changed with the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022. (from Energy policy)
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  Electrification rates of different countries compared to OECD Europe (from Sustainable energy)
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  Trends in the top five geothermal electricity-generating countries, 1980–2012 (US EIA) (from Geothermal power)
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  Deaths caused by use of fossil fuels such as natural gas (areas of rectangles in chart) greatly exceed those resulting from production of wind energy, nuclear energy or solar energy (rectangles barely visible in chart). (from Natural gas)
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  The Leibstadt Nuclear Power Plant in Switzerland (from Nuclear power)
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  Sample of kerosene (from Oil refinery)
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  The town of Pripyat abandoned since 1986, with the Chernobyl plant and the Chernobyl New Safe Confinement arch in the distance (from Nuclear power)
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  Sample of gasoline (from Oil refinery)
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  Global energy usage is highly unequal. High income countries such as the United States and Canada use 100 times as much energy per capita as some of the least developed countries in Africa. (from Sustainable energy)
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  The location of shale gas compared to other types of gas deposits (from Natural gas)
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  The growth of solar PV on a semi-log scale since 1996 (from Solar power)
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  Burning of natural gas coming out of the ground (from Natural gas)
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  A sugarcane plantation to produce ethanol in Brazil. (from Sustainable energy)
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  Yearly hydro generation by continent (from Hydroelectricity)
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  Map of solar resources from World bank (from Solar power)
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  Natural gas burning on a gas stove (from Natural gas)
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  Sample of crude oil (petroleum) (from Oil refinery)
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  Following the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, the world's worst nuclear accident since 1986, 50,000 households were displaced after radiation leaked into the air, soil and sea. Radiation checks led to bans of some shipments of vegetables and fish. (from Nuclear power)
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  World map showing where people without access to electricity lived in 2016⁠—mainly in sub-Saharan Africa and the Indian subcontinent (from Sustainable energy)
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  Crude oil is separated into fractions by fractional distillation. The fractions at the top of the fractionating column have lower boiling points than the fractions at the bottom. The heavy bottom fractions are often cracked into lighter, more useful products. All of the fractions are processed further in other refining units. (from Oil refinery)
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  Storage tanks and towers at Shell Puget Sound Refinery (Shell Oil Company), Anacortes, Washington (from Oil refinery)
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  A parabolic collector concentrates sunlight onto a tube in its focal point. (from Solar power)
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  Sample of diesel fuel (from Oil refinery)
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  The Warwick Castle water-powered generator house, used for the generation of electricity for the castle from 1894 until 1940 (from Hydroelectricity)
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  Merowe Dam in Sudan. Hydroelectric power stations that use dams submerge large areas of land due to the requirement of a reservoir. These changes to land color or albedo, alongside certain projects that concurrently submerge rainforests, can in these specific cases result in the global warming impact, or equivalent life-cycle greenhouse gases of hydroelectricity projects, to potentially exceed that of coal power stations. (from Hydroelectricity)
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  Deaths caused as a result of fossil fuel use (areas of rectangles in chart) greatly exceed those resulting from production of sustainable energy (rectangles barely visible in chart). (from Sustainable energy)
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  Example of energy policy decisions: The goal of the Southern Gas Corridor, which connects the giant Shah Deniz gas field in Azerbaijan to Europe, is to reduce Europe's dependency on Russian gas. (from Energy policy)
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  Life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of electricity supply technologies, median values calculated by IPCC (from Nuclear power)
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  Most waste packaging, small-scale experimental fuel recycling chemistry and radiopharmaceutical refinement is conducted within remote-handled hot cells. (from Nuclear power)
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  Fire-extinguishing operations after the Texas City refinery explosion (from Oil refinery)
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  Guri Dam, a hydroelectric dam in Venezuela (from Sustainable energy)
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  The first light bulbs ever lit by electricity generated by nuclear power at EBR-1 at Argonne National Laboratory-West (now the Idaho National Laboratory), December 20, 1951. (from Nuclear power)
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  Several countries and the European Union have committed to dates for all new cars to be zero-emissions vehicles. (from Sustainable energy)
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  Natural gas drilling rig in Texas, US (from Natural gas)
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  Schematic flow diagram of a typical natural gas processing plant (from Natural gas)
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  The Calder Hall nuclear power station in the United Kingdom, the world's first commercial nuclear power station (from Nuclear power)
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  A micro-hydro facility in Vietnam (from Hydroelectricity)
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  Yearly solar generation by continent (from Solar power)
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  Schematic of the ITER tokamak under construction in France (from Nuclear power)
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  The U.S. and Russia have been the predominant producers of natural gas. (from Natural gas)
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  Activity of spent UOx fuel in comparison to the activity of natural uranium ore over time (from Nuclear power)
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  Proportions of the isotopes uranium-238 (blue) and uranium-235 (red) found in natural uranium and in enriched uranium for different applications. Light water reactors use 3–5% enriched uranium, while CANDU reactors work with natural uranium. (from Nuclear power)
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  Since 1985, the proportion of electricity generated from low-carbon sources has increased only slightly. Advances in deploying renewables have been mostly offset by declining shares of nuclear power. (from Sustainable energy)
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  Manhole for domestic gas supply, London, UK (from Natural gas)
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  Dry cask storage vessels storing spent nuclear fuel assemblies (from Nuclear power)
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  Wind turbines in Xinjiang, China
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  Pile of asphalt-covered aggregate for formation into asphalt concrete (from Oil refinery)
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  Anti-nuclear protest near nuclear waste disposal centre at Gorleben in northern Germany (from Nuclear power)
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  Pico hydroelectricity in Mondulkiri, Cambodia (from Hydroelectricity)
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  Natural gas extraction by countries in cubic meters per year around 2013 (from Natural gas)
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  The US has been counting on private industry to lead in fusion power, while more recently China's government has made fusion a national priority. In 2025, $2.1 billion was poured into a single Chinese state-owned fusion company, an amount two and a half times the U.S. Energy Department's annual fusion budget. (from Nuclear power)
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  Community solar farm in the town of Wheatland, Wisconsin (from Solar power)
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  Natural gas bus in Salamanca, Spain (from Natural gas)
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  Reactor decay heat as a fraction of full power after the reactor shutdown, using two different correlations. To remove the decay heat, reactors need cooling after the shutdown of the fission reactions. A loss of the ability to remove decay heat caused the Fukushima accident. (from Nuclear power)
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  A breakdown of the products made from a typical barrel of US oil (from Oil refinery)
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  Olkiluoto 3 under construction in 2009. It was the first EPR, a modernized PWR design, to start construction. (from Nuclear power)
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  Nuclear fuel assemblies being inspected before entering a pressurized water reactor in the United States (from Nuclear power)
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  Greenhouse gas emissions per energy source. Solar power is one of the sources with the least greenhouse gas emissions. (from Solar power)
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  Production of technology such as renewable energy sources starts a positive feedback loop to form what has been called a virtuous cycle—the opposite of a vicious cycle. For example, as more and more solar modules are deployed, prices fall because of the economies of scale, allowing the technology to become cost-competitive in new applications that in turn increase demand for more deployment. (from Sustainable energy)
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  Utility cycling infrastructure, such as this bike lane in Vancouver, encourages sustainable transport. (from Sustainable energy)
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  A woman in rural Rajasthan, India, collects firewood. The use of wood and other polluting fuels for cooking causes millions of deaths each year from indoor and outdoor air pollution. (from Sustainable energy)
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  Benefitting from favorable policies and declining costs of modules, photovoltaic solar installation has grown consistently. In 2023, China added 60% of the world's new capacity. (from Solar power)
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  Kenyan dairy farmer lighting a biogas lamp. Biogas produced from biomass is a renewable energy source that can be burned for cooking or light. (from Sustainable energy)
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  Honda Civic GX, a natural gas-powered automobile sold in North America from 1998 to 2015 (from Natural gas)
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  Baton Rouge Refinery (the sixth-largest in the United States) (from Oil refinery)
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  Polyethylene plastic main being placed in a trench (from Natural gas)
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  Motor oil (from Oil refinery)
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  Museum Hydroelectric power plant "Under the Town" in Užice, Serbia, built in 1900 (from Hydroelectricity)
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  Nuclear waste flasks generated by the United States during the Cold War are stored underground at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) in New Mexico. The facility is seen as a potential demonstration for storing spent fuel from civilian reactors. (from Nuclear power)
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  The nuclear fuel cycle begins when uranium is mined, enriched, and manufactured into nuclear fuel (1), which is delivered to a nuclear power plant. After use, the spent fuel is delivered to a reprocessing plant (2) or to a final repository (3). In nuclear reprocessing, 95% of spent fuel can potentially be recycled to be returned to use in a power plant (4). (from Nuclear power)
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  Seasonal cycle of capacity factors for wind and photovoltaics in Europe shown under idealized assumptions. The figure illustrates the balancing effects of wind and solar energy at the seasonal scale (Kaspar et al., 2019). (from Solar power)
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  Enhanced geothermal system 1: Reservoir 2: Pump house 3: Heat exchanger 4: Turbine hall 5: Production well 6: Injection well 7: Hot water to district heating 8: Porous sediments 9: Observation well 10: Crystalline bedrock (from Geothermal power)
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  Yearly geothermal generation by continent (from Geothermal power)
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  Typical composition of uranium dioxide fuel before and after approximately three years in the once-through nuclear fuel cycle of a LWR (from Nuclear power)
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  Passive cooling features, such as these windcatcher towers in Iran, bring cool air into buildings without any use of energy. (from Sustainable energy)
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  Acceptance of wind and solar facilities in one's community is stronger among U.S. Democrats (blue), while acceptance of nuclear power plants is stronger among U.S. Republicans (red). (from Solar power)
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  A comparison of levelized cost of energy (LCOE) over time for nuclear power and other sources. While wind turbines and solar panels can be mass-produced and thus enjoy learning curve effects, nuclear are almost always one-of-a-kind projects due to the limited number of reactors being built. The source of this chart, Our World in Data notes that the costs presented here is the global average, and these costs were driven up by 2 projects in the United States. The organization recognises that the median cost of the most exported and produced nuclear energy facility in the 2010s the South Korean APR1400, remained "constant", including in export. (from Nuclear power)
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  Countries' proven natural gas reserves (2014), based on data from The World Factbook (from Natural gas)
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  For cooking, electric induction stoves are one of the most energy-efficient and safest options. (from Sustainable energy)
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  Geothermal generation by country, 2021 (from Geothermal power)
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  A geothermal power station in Negros Oriental, Philippines (from Geothermal power)
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  Gas network emergency vehicle responding to a major fire in Kyiv, Ukraine (from Natural gas)
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  Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System with all three towers under load (from Solar power)
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  Death rates per unit of electricity production for different energy sources (from Nuclear power)
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  Geothermal power center in the Usulután Department, El Salvador (from Geothermal power)
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  A gas bill from Baltimore, Maryland, 1834, for manufactured coal gas, before the introduction of ground-extracted methane gas. (from Natural gas)
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  The Hoover Dam in the United States is a large conventional dammed-hydro facility, with an installed capacity of 2,080 MW. (from Hydroelectricity)
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  Electrified transport and renewable energy are key areas of investment for the renewable energy transition. (from Sustainable energy)
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  Construction close to high-pressure gas-transmission pipelines is discouraged, often with standing warning signs. (from Natural gas)
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  The Ikata Nuclear Power Plant, a pressurized water reactor that cools by using a secondary coolant heat exchanger with a large body of water, an alternative cooling approach to large cooling towers (from Nuclear power)
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  A photovoltaic power station in California, United States
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  Schematic flow diagram of a typical crude oil distillation unit as used in petroleum crude oil refineries (from Oil refinery)
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  Part of the Senftenberg Solarpark, a solar photovoltaic power plant located on former open-pit mining areas close to the city of Senftenberg, in Eastern Germany. The 78 MW Phase 1 of the plant was completed within three months. (from Solar power)
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  Sulphur (from Oil refinery)
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  The warming influence (called radiative forcing) of long-lived greenhouse gases has increased substantially in the last 40 years, with carbon dioxide and methane being the dominant drivers of global warming. (from Natural gas)
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  Cooling towers at a geothermal power plant in Larderello, Italy.
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  The map shows the commercial nuclear power plants in the world. Research reactors are not considered nuclear power plants.

    Operating reactors, building new reactors

    Operating reactors, planning new build

    No reactors, building new reactors

    No reactors, new in planning

    Operating reactors, stable

    Operating reactors, decided on phase-out

    Civil nuclear power is illegal

    No reactors

  (from Nuclear power)
• 
  Natural gas processing plant in Aderklaa, Lower Austria (from Natural gas)

Quotations

• "In recent years, new nations have entered enthusiastically into industrial production, thereby increasing their energy needs. This has led to an unprecedented race for available resources. Meanwhile, some parts of the planet remain backward and development is effectively blocked, partly because of the rise in energy prices. What will happen to those peoples?" – Pope Benedict XVI, 2007
• "In order to prevent the harmful consequences that crude oil price volatility is having on the well-being of our people, it is urgent that we convene a World Leaders Summit to present alternative solutions to this serious problem, which could quite possibly be a significant shock to the prosperity of developing nations." – Leonel Fernández, 2005

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• WikiProject Energy
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• WikiProject Environment
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