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For other uses, see The Wave.
The Wave (series)
La Vague (French)
ArtistGustave Courbet
Year1869-1870
MovementRealism, marine art (seascapes)

"The Wave" (French: "La Vague") is a recurring theme explored by French painter Gustave Courbet in a series of oil paintings made throughout 1869-1870. Called by him "paysages de mer" ("seascapes"), Courbet made many paintings on this theme, the exact number being difficult to ascertain.[1]

History

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Gustave Courbet first discovered the seaside in the spring of 1841, a few months after moving to Paris.[2] He frequently enjoyed setting up his easel facing out to sea and painting from nature. Courbet's first confirmed marine paintings date back to 1854, when he stayed in Languedoc with Alfred Bruyas. At the Courbet pavillion in 1867, ten paintings out of 135 catalogued works had the sea as their subject.[3]

The peak period of the Waves was between 1869 and 1870. Courbet was staying near Étretat, a little-known resort at the time, where he depicted the famous cliffs. However, since the early 1860s, he had been a regular visitor to the shores of Normandy, Honfleur, and Trouville, where he painted with the young Whistler, who was greatly influenced by him.[4]

Like his contemporaries Camille Corot or Eugène Boudin, Courbet produced series of paintings: some of his paintings may present tiny variations, such as for example Jo, la belle Irlandese. The works in the series ranged from small, sometimes unsigned preparatory sketches to large, fully painted canvases. The Waves series however is different, since each painting is composed with its own distinguishing feature: a particular angle, frame, or light, which magnifies the power of the wave.

On 28 November 1864, Courbet wrote to Victor Hugo in response to a letter from the author of Travaileurs de la mer:

I will go to your pleasant retreat to contemplate the spectacle of your sea! [...] The sea! The sea! With its charms, it saddens me! In its joy, it gives me the effect of a laughing tiger; in its sadness, it reminds me of the tears of a crocodile, and in its fury, of the caged monster that cannot swallow me[5].

Composition

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Typically, each painting from this period features a tightly framed wave rising in the foreground from a dark sea, beneath a brown sky filled with large, threatening clouds, the two elements separated by a very distinct horizon line. The foaming wave, usually depicted in dark green tones, is striking in the great simplicity of its composition, consisting of flat areas of colour painted by brush or occasionally applied by a knife. Émile Zola, the art critic and novelist, declared upon seeing these paintings:

Courbet simply painted a wave, a real wave breaking on the shore

[6]. Another first-hand witness was the landscape painter Louis Le Poittevin, a friend of Guy de Maupassant, who came to keep Courbet company in the small house he rented in Étretat[4].

Another notable feature of the series is that no human presence or manufactured object is depicted, a characteristic that Courbet had already exploited for some of his terrestrial landscapes. In this way, Courbet rediscovered with The Wave a tradition of landscape painting which finds its origins in 17th century Italy and which continued until the time of John Constable.[7]

Once back in his Parisian studio, the artist used to retouch these canvases by adding elements referring to his homeland, the Doubs department: the wave and the skies then form a sort of wall, evoking the cliffs of his childhood, and at the same time the power of nature.[6]

Les formats sont variables, allant de 60 cm × 90 cm (24 in × 35 in) en moyenne, à 110 cm × 145 cm (43 in × 57 in), par exemple pour le tableau exposé à l'Alte Nationalgalerie des musées d'État de Berlin[4] qualifiée d'« Anagoria ».

The formats vary, ranging from 60 cm × 90 cm (24 in × 35 in) on average to 110 cm × 145 cm (43 in × 57 in), an example of the latter being the painting exhibited at the Alte Nationalgalerie of the State Museums of Berlin described as "Anagogy".[4]

Critical response

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The critical response at the time, which was just before the fall of the Second Empire, was noticeable. The painter Paul Cézanne declared upon seeing them at the Salon:[4]

The great Waves, the one in Berlin, prodigious, one of the finds of the century, much more thrilling, more swollen, a muddier green, a dirtier storm, than [the one in the Louvre], with its foamy tangle, its tide coming from the depths of time, its ragged sky and its livid harshness. You receive it full in the chest, you recoil, the whole room smells of sea spray.


List of works

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Image Titre Dimension (cm) Date Pays Ville Localisation Statut
La Mer en automne 54 cm × 73 cm (21 in × 29 in) 1867  Japan Kurashiki Musée d'art Ōhara
La Vague ou La Mer orageuse 112 cm × 144 cm (44 in × 57 in) 1869-1870  Germany Berlin Alte Nationalgalerie don de Guido Henckel von Donnersmarck (1906)[8]
Vagues 75.9 cm × 151.4 cm (29.9 in × 59.6 in) 1869  United States Philadelphia Philadelphia Museum of Art don de John G. Johnson (1905)[9]
Vagues 32.4 cm × 48.3 cm (12.8 in × 19.0 in) vers 1870  United States Philadelphia Philadelphia Museum of Art The Louis E. Stern Collection (1963)[10]
La Mer orageuse dit aussi La Vague 116.5 cm × 160 cm (45.9 in × 63.0 in) 1870  France Paris Musée d'Orsay Achat de l'État (1878)[11]
La Vague 71.5 cm × 116.8 cm (28.1 in × 46.0 in) 1869  France Le Havre Musée d'art moderne André-Malraux Entré en 2003[12]
La Vague 54 cm × 73 cm (21 in × 29 in) 1870  France Orléans Musée des beaux-arts d'Orléans Don Paul Fourché (1907)[13]
La Vague 90 cm × 66 cm (35 in × 26 in) 1869  France Lyon Musée des beaux-arts de Lyon Entré en 1881[14]
La Vague 63 cm × 92 cm (25 in × 36 in) 1869  Germany Frankfurt Musée Städel Entré en 1908[15]
La Vague 72.5 cm × 92.5 cm (28.5 in × 36.4 in) 1870  Japan Tokyo Musée national de l'art occidental Collection Matsukata, entré en 1959[16]
La Vague 80 cm × 100 cm (31 in × 39 in) 1870  Switzerland Winterthour Am Römerholz Origine inconnue[17]
La Vague 45 cm × 59 cm (18 in × 23 in) 1870  Germany Essen Musée Folkwang[18]
La Vague 18.11 cm × 21.65 cm (7.13 in × 8.52 in) 1869  United Kingdom Edinburgh Galerie nationale d'Écosse Entré en 1960[19]
La Vague 58.4 cm × 78.7 cm (23.0 in × 31.0 in) 1869  United States San Francisco De Young The Legion of Honor Entré en 2006[20]
La Vague 32.7 cm × 55.7 cm (12.9 in × 21.9 in) 1869  Netherlands Utrecht Centraal Museum Entré en 1980[21]
La Vague 55.8 cm × 91.4 cm (22.0 in × 36.0 in) 1869-1870  United States Dallas Dallas Museum of Art Entré en 1950[22]
La Vague ? 1870  United States Phoenix, Arizona Phoenix Art Museum Entré en 1959[23]
La Vague 66 cm × 91.2 cm (26.0 in × 35.9 in) 1869  Japan Matsue Musée d'Art de Shimane Date d'entrée non connue[24]
La Vague 54.2 cm × 73.1 cm (21.3 in × 28.8 in) ?  Australia Melbourne National Gallery of Victoria Don Felton, entrée en 1924[25]
La Vague 65.4 cm × 88.7 cm (25.7 in × 34.9 in) vers 1869  United States Brooklyn Brooklyn Museum Don Mrs. Horace Havemeyer, entrée en 1942[26]
La Vague ? 1871 [?]  Italy Rome Galerie nationale d'Art moderne et contemporain ?
Plage à Dieppe ? ?  United States Phoenix, Arizona Phoenix Art Museum Don de M. & Mrs Arthur Murray. Entré en 1961[27]
La Vague 49.5 cm × 60 cm (19.5 in × 23.6 in) ?  Cuba Havana Musée national des Beaux-Arts ?
Avant la tempête à l'horizon 53.6 cm × 72.4 cm (21.1 in × 28.5 in) 1872  Japan Tokyo Tokyo Fuji Art Museum ?
La Vague 47.5 cm × 65 cm (18.7 in × 25.6 in) 1869  Russia Moscow Musée des Beaux-Arts Pouchkine Date d'entrée inconnue[28]
La Vague (Brandungswelle) 67.2 cm × 107 cm (26.5 in × 42.1 in) 1869  Germany Bremen Kunsthalle de Brême Origine et entrée non connues[29]
La Vague 70 cm × 102 cm (28 in × 40 in) 1870  Hungary Budapest ? Collection François de Hatvany, disparu en 1945[30][31]
Mer d'orage 70.50 cm × 77.80 cm (27.76 in × 30.63 in) vers 1869  United States Champaign, Illinois Krannert Art Museum Don Mr. and Mrs. Herman E. Cooper[32]
Mer orageuse 80 cm × 100 cm (31 in × 39 in) vers 1869-1870 ?  Argentina Buenos-Aires Musée national des Beaux-Arts Coll. Domingo Martinto, entré en 1906[33]
La Vague 43.4 cm × 64.9 cm (17.1 in × 25.6 in) ?  United Kingdom Southampton Southampton City Art Gallery Coll. Peter and Lies Askonas, entré en 2004[34]

Bibliography

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References

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  1. ^ {{citation}}: Empty citation (help): fr. "Catalogue" by Hélène Toussaint, in: Gustave Courbet (1819-1877), Paris, RMN, 1977, p. 208.
  2. ^ Read the Brief biography of Gustave Courbet, Institut Courbet, online.
  3. ^ See notice 520 cu catalogue raisonné by Robert Fernier (1, 1977), p. 102.
  4. ^ a b c d e Catalogue by Hélène Toussaint, notice 112, in: Gustave Courbet (1819-1877), Paris, RMN, 1977, p. 202, 206.
  5. ^ Petra ten-Doesschate Chu, Correspondance de Courbet, Paris, Flammarion, 1996, p. 222-223.
  6. ^ a b "La Vague". Musée des beaux-arts de Lyon. Retrieved 15 March 2016.
  7. ^ Thomas Schlesser, The Universe without Man, Paris, Hazan, 2016. Presentation of his work by Étienne Klein, "Science and Art, who models who?", La Conversation scientifique, France Culture, January 6, 2018 (online).
  8. ^ (in German) Notice œuvre id. : obj02532159, Bildindex.
  9. ^ (in English) Notice œuvre id. : W1905-1-1, catalogue en ligne du PMA.
  10. ^ (in English) Notice œuvre id. : 1963-181-21, catalogue en ligne du PMA.
  11. ^ Notice de l'œuvre, id. : 928, catalogue en ligne du musée d'Orsay.
  12. ^ "Fiche, La Vague". Musée André Malraux. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  13. ^ Notice œuvre id. : 314, catalogue en ligne des Musées de la Région Centre.
  14. ^ Notice œuvre id. : B 295, catalogue en ligne du MBA Lyon.
  15. ^ Notice de l'œuvre id. : 1433, catalogue en ligne du Städel.
  16. ^ Notice œuvre id. : P.1959-0062, catalogue en ligne du Musée national de l'art occidental.
  17. ^ Moteur de recherche, catalogue en ligne du Am Römerholz.
  18. ^ Georg-W. Költzsch (2002). Phoenix Folkwang Die Meisterwerke (in German). Dumont. p. 70. ISBN 9783832149949. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |pages totales= ignored (help)
  19. ^ Notice œuvre id. : NG 2233, catalogue en ligne de la NGS.
  20. ^ Notice œuvre id. : 2006.58, catalogue en ligne des musées des Beaux-Arts de San Francisco.
  21. ^ Notice œuvre id. : 22124, catalogue en ligne du Centraal Museum.
  22. ^ Notice œuvre id. : 1950.86, catalogue en ligne du Dallas Museum of Art.
  23. ^ Notice œuvre id. : 1959.87, catalogue en ligne du PAM.
  24. ^ (in Japanese) Notice œuvre id. : OFZ0001000, catalogue en ligne du musée d'Art de Shimane.
  25. ^ Notice œuvre id. : 1309-3, catalogue en ligne de la NGV.
  26. ^ Notice œuvre id. : 41.1256, catalogue en ligne Brooklyn Museum.
  27. ^ Notice œuvre id. : 1961.138, catalogue en ligne du PAM.
  28. ^ Notice œuvre id. : Ж-1279, catalogue en ligne du musée <Pouchkine.
  29. ^ Notice œuvre id. : 53, catalogue en ligne du Kunsthalle Bremen.
  30. ^ (in English) Notice œuvre, sur Monuments Men and Women'.
  31. ^ (in English) Notice œuvre, sur Lost Art Database - German Lost Art Foundation.
  32. ^ (in English) Notice œuvre id. : 1961-7-, collection en ligne du Krannert Art Museum.
  33. ^ (in Spanish) Notice œuvre id. : 2334, collection en ligne du Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes.
  34. ^ (in English) Notice œuvre id. : 4/2004, catalogue en ligne ArtUK.


Catégorie:Série de peintures de Gustave Courbet Catégorie:Tableau des années 1860 Catégorie:Mer dans l'art et la culture Catégorie:Œuvre de Gustave Courbet en France Catégorie:Œuvre conservée à l'Alte Nationalgalerie Catégorie:Œuvre conservée au musée des Beaux-Arts de Lyon Catégorie:Œuvre conservée au Philadelphia Museum of Art

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