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Extraterrestrial organic matter

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Detection methods

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Electromagnetic-spectroscopy targets - star, interstellar medium, Herbig-Haro object, protoplanetary disk

Mass spectroscopy targets - meteorite, comet, asteroid, Enceladus, Mars, Cheyava Falls

Soluble organic matter

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Soluble organic matter is the compounds that can be extracted from carbonaceous chondrites using water or other solvents. These compounds include amino acids, carboxylic acids, and nucleotide bases.

CHN molecules from extra-terrestrial sources

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0 Carbon atoms PubChem Formula Occurrence
Ammonia 222 NH3 37,777±6,111 nmol/g Orgueil[1]
1 Carbon atoms PubChem Formula Occurrence
Methylamine 6329 CH3NH2 1,308±189 nmol/g Murchison[1]
2 Carbon atoms PubChem Formula Occurrence
Ethylamine 6341 CH3CH2NH2 289±31 nmol/g Murchison[1]
3 Carbon atoms PubChem Formula Occurrence
Isopropylamine 6363 (CH3)2CHNH2 47±5 nmol/g Murchison[1]
n-Propylamine 7852 CH3CH2CH2NH2 60±8 nmol/g Murchison[1]
4 Carbon atoms PubChem Formula Occurrence
(R,S)-sec-Butylamine 24874 CH3CH2CH(CH3)NH2 3.5±0.4 nmol/g Murchison[1]
Isobutylamine 6558 (CH3)2CHCH2NH2 18±2 nmol/g Murchison[1]
n-Butylamine 8007 CH3CH2CH2CH2NH2 7.7±1.4 nmol/g Murchison[1]
tert-Butylamine 6385 (CH3)3CNH2 11±1 nmol/g Murchison[1]
5 Carbon atoms PubChem Formula Occurrence
3-Pentylamine 12019 CH3CH2CH(CH2CH3)NH2 5.5±0.4 nmol/g Murchison[1]
(R,S)-3-Methyl-2-butylamine 11731 CH3CH(CH3)CH(CH3)NH2 7.8±0.9 nmol/g Murchison[1]
(R,S)-sec-Pentylamine 12246 CH3CH2CH2CH(CH3)NH2 9.9±0.8 nmol/g Murchison[1]
(R,S)-2-Methylbutylamine 7283 CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2NH2 2.6±0.1 nmol/g Murchison[1]
tert-Pentylamine 68986 CH3CH2C(CH3)2NH2 13±1 nmol/g Murchison[1]
Isopentylamine 7894 CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH2NH2 0.88±0.01 nmol/g Murchison[1]
n-Pentylamine 8060 CH3(CH2)4NH2 1.2±0.1 nmol/g Murchison[1]
6 Carbon atoms PubChem Formula Occurrence
n-Hexylamine 8102 CH3(CH2)5NH2 0.70±0.04 nmol/g Murchison[1]

CHO molecules from extra-terrestrial sources

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1 Carbon atoms PubChem Formula Occurrence Notes
Formic acid 284 HCOOH 9,466±103 nmol/g 162173 Ryugu[1]
Formaldehyde 717 H2CO 101955 Bennu[1]
2 Carbon atoms PubChem Formula Occurrence Notes
Acetic Acid 176 CH3COOH 5,708±1,536 nmol/g Ryugu Fundamental to all forms of life
Oxalic Acid 971 (COOH)2 3,603±14 nmol/g Murchison
3 Carbon atoms PubChem Formula Occurrence Notes
Propanoic acid 1032 CH3CH2COOH 251±4 nmol/g Murchison Fatty acid breakdown
Gluconeogenesis
Pyruvic acid 1060 CH3COCOOH CM meteorites[2] Citric acid cycle
Malonic acid 867 (COOH)2CH2 780±169 nmol/g Tarda Fatty acid synthesis
Dihydroxyacetone 670 (CH2OH)2CO Murchison meteorite[3] As dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), takes part in glycolysis
Glycerol 753 (CH2OH)2CHOH Murchison meteorite[3] Constituent of lipids and phospholipids
4 Carbon atoms PubChem Formula Occurrence Notes
Isobutyric acid 6590 (CH3)2CHCOOH 49±1 nmol/g Bennu Short-chain fatty acid
Butyric acid 264 CH3CH2CH2COOH 120±4 nmol/g Murchison[1] Short-chain fatty acid
3-Oxobutanoic acid 96 CH3COCH2COOH CM meteorites[2] Mevalonate pathway
Succinic acid 1110 HOOC(CH2)2COOH 196±7 Murchison meteorite[1] Citric acid cycle
Fumaric acid 444972 HOOCCH=CHCOOH 28±1 Orgueil meteorite[1] Citric acid cycle
Malic acid 525 HOOCCH2CHOHCOOH Murchison meteorite[3] Citric acid cycle
5 Carbon atoms PubChem Formula Occurrence Notes
2,2-Dimethylpropanoic acid 6417 (CH3)3CCOOH 40±3 nmol/g Bennu Short-chain fatty acid
2-Methylbutyric acid 8314 CH3CH2CH(CH3)COOH 43±2 nmol/g Murchison Short-chain fatty acid
Isopentanoic acid 10430 (CH3)2CH2CH2COOH 115±4 nmol/g Murchison Short-chain fatty acid
Pentanoic acid 7991 CH3(CH2)3COOH 44±1 nmol/g Murchison Short-chain fatty acid
4-Oxopentanoic acid 11579 CH3COCH2CH2COOH CM meteorites[2]
Glutaric acid 743 HOOC(CH2)3COOH 37±2 nmol/g Murchison As Glutaryl-CoA, an intermediate in the breakdown of Lysine and Tryptophan
α-Ketoglutarate 51 HOOC(CH2)2COCOOH CM meteorites[2] Citric acid cycle
1-Hydroxy-1,1,2-ethanetricarboxylic acid 6850722 HOC(COOH)2CH2COOH CM meteorites[2]
Ribose 90428 HOCH2(CHOH)3CHO 25ppb (0.17 nmol/g) Murchison[4] Essential sugar in nucleic acids and many coenzymes
Arabinose 66308 HOCH2(CHOH)3CHO 120ppb (0.8 nmol/g) Murchison[4] Sugar component of Hemicellulose and pectin
Xylose 644160 HOCH2(CHOH)3CHO 180ppb (1.2 nmol/g) Murchison[4] Common sugar in plants
Lyxose 65550 HOCH2(CHOH)3CHO 6.7ppm (0.04 nmol/g) Murchison[4] Rare sugar in nature
6 Carbon atoms PubChem Formula Occurrence Notes
3-Methylpentanoic acid 7755 CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2COOH 17±1 nmol/g Orgueil Short-chain fatty acid
4-Methylpentanoic acid 12587 CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH2COOH 13±1 nmol/g Orgueil Short-chain fatty acid
Hexanoic acid 8892 CH3(CH2)4COOH 38±1 nmol/g Orgueil Short-chain fatty acid
3-Methyl-4-oxopentanoic acid 246523 CH3COCH(CH3)CH2COOH CM meteorites[2]
5-Oxohexanoic acid 18407 CH3CO(CH2)3COOH CM meteorites[2]
Propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid 14925 HOOCCH2CH(COOH)CH2COOH CM meteorites[2]
Citric acid 311 HOC(COOH)(CH2COOH)2 CM meteorites[2] Citric acid cycle
Isocitric acid 1198 HOOCCH2CH(COOH)COHCOOH CM meteorites[2] Citric acid cycle
7 Carbon atoms PubChem Formula Occurrence Notes
6-Oxoheptanoic acid 98810 CH3CO(CH2)4COOH CM meteorites[2]
Benzoic acid 243 C6H5COOH 37±1 nmol/g Orgueil Occurs naturally in many plants and animals
2-Methyl-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid 74119 HOOCCH2C(COOH)(CH3)CH2COOH CM meteorites[2]
1,2,4-Butanetricarboxylic acid 222467 HOOCCH2CH(COOH)CH2CH2COOH CM meteorites[2]
8 Carbon atoms PubChem Formula Occurrence Notes
7-Oxooctanoic acid 26464 CH3CO(CH2)5COOH CM meteorites[2]
1,2,3,4-Butanetetracarboxylic acid 15560 HOOCCH2CH(COOH)CH(COOH)CH2COOH CM meteorites[2]

amino-acids from extra-terrestrial sources

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2 Carbon atoms Formula Occurrence Notes
Glycine NH2CH2COOH 33±1 nmol/g 101955 Bennu[1] Proteinogenic amino acid
3 Carbon atoms Formula Occurrence Notes
D-Alanine CH3CH(NH2)COOH 8.5±1.2 nmol/g Murchison
L-Alanine CH3CH(NH2)COOH 11.5±1.5 nmol/g Murchison Proteinogenic amino acid
β-Alanine NH2CH2CH2COOH 30.7±7.6 nmol/g Orgueil component of Coenzyme-A
D-Serine HOCH2CH(NH2)COOH 0.54±0.08 nmol/g Murchison
L-Serine HOCH2CH(NH2)COOH 3.6±0.6 nmol/g Murchison Proteinogenic amino acid
D-Isoserine NH2CH2CH(OH)COOH 0.51±0.02 nmol/g Murchison
L-Isoserine NH2CH2CH(OH)COOH 0.51±0.02 nmol/g Murchison
4 Carbon atoms Formula Occurrence Notes
D-Threonine CH3CH(OH)CH(NH2)COOH 1.2±0.4 nmol/g Murchison
L-Threonine CH3CH(OH)CH(NH2)COOH 13±4 nmol/g Murchison Proteinogenic amino acid
Aspartic acid HOOCCH2CH(NH2)COOH 162173 Ryugu 101955 Bennu Proteinogenic amino acid
α-Aminobutyric acid CH3CH2CH(NH2)COOH Murchison 101955 Bennu
β-Aminobutyric acid CH3CH(NH2)CH2COOH Murchison 101955 Bennu
γ-Aminobutyric acid NH2CH2CH2CH2COOH Murchison 101955 Bennu
α-Aminoisobutyric acid NH2C(CH3)2COOH Murchison 101955 Bennu
β-Aminobutyric acid NH2CH2CH(CH3)COOH Murchison 101955 Bennu
5 Carbon atoms Formula Occurrence Notes
Proline C5H9NO2 101955 Bennu Proteinogenic amino acid
Valine CH3CH(CH3)CH(NH2)COOH 101955 Bennu Proteinogenic amino acid
D-Isovaline CH3CH2C(NH2)(CH3)COOH 5.3±1.2 nmol/g Murchison
L-Isovaline CH3CH2C(NH2)(CH3)COOH 5.4±1.0 nmol/g Murchison
D-Norvaline CH3CH2CH2CH(NH2)COOH 0.15±0.01 nmol/g Murchison
L-Norvaline CH3CH2CH2CH(NH2)COOH 0.14±0.01 nmol/g Murchison
D,L-4-Amino-3-Methylbutyric acid NH2CH2CH(CH3)CH2COOH 2.4±0.2 Orgueil
Other Aminopentanoic acids C5H11NO2
D-Glutamic acid HOOCCH3CH3CH(NH2)COOH 162173 Ryugu 101955 Bennu
L-Glutamic acid HOOCCH3CH3CH(NH2)COOH 162173 Ryugu 101955 Bennu Proteinogenic amino acid
6 Carbon atoms Formula Occurrence Notes
Leucine (CH3)2CHCH2CH(NH2)COOH 101955 Bennu Proteinogenic amino acid
Isoleucine CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH(NH2)COOH 101955 Bennu Proteinogenic amino acid
5-Aminocaproic acid NH2(CH2)5COOH 4.5±2.6 nmol/g Ryugu
9 Carbon atoms Formula Occurrence Notes
Phenylalanine C6H5CH2CH(NH2)COOH 101955 Bennu Proteinogenic amino acid
Tyrosine HOC6H4CH2CH(NH2)COOH 101955 Bennu Proteinogenic amino acid

nucleobases from extra-terrestrial sources

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Molecule Formula Meteorite Asteroid
Adenine Orgueil[1] Murray[5] Murchison[1][5] Tagish Lake[5] 101955 Bennu[1]
Cytosine Murchison[1] 101955 Bennu[1]
Guanine Orgueil[1] Murray[5] Murchison[1][5] Tagish Lake[5] 101955 Bennu[1]
Thymine Murchison[1] 101955 Bennu[1]
Uracil Orgueil[6] Murray[6] Murchison[1][6] Tagish Lake[6] 101955 Bennu[1] 162173 Ryugu[1][6]
Hypoxanthine Orgueil[1] Murray[5] Murchison[1][5] Tagish Lake[5] 101955 Bennu[1]
2,6-Diaminopurine Orgueil[1] Murray[5] Murchison[1][5] 101955 Bennu[1]

cofactors from extra-terrestrial sources

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Molecule Formula Meteorite Asteroid
Nicotinic acid Orgueil[6] Murray[5] Murchison[1][5] Tagish Lake[5] 101955 Bennu[1] 162173 Ryugu[1][6]
Nicotinamide Orgueil[6] Murray[5] Murchison[1][5] Tagish Lake[5]

Insoluble organic matter

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Kerogen-like macromolecule residue from carbonaceous chondrite meteorites after soluble organic matter has been removed.

Bulk properties

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Infra-red spectrometry

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The OSIRIS-REx Visible and IR Spectrometer (OVIRS) revealed the presence of aliphatic and aromatic bonds within material on the surface of 101955 Bennu[7]

Organosulfur compounds found by the rover Curiosity at Gale crater (Mars) between 2012 and 2017.[8] Thiophene (C4H4S) 2-Methylthiophene (C5H6S) 3-Methylthiophene (C5H6S) Methanethiol (CH3SH) Dimethyl sulfide (CH3SCH3)

Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR)

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FT-ICR of sample returns from the asteroids Bennu and Ryugu has identified thousands of organic formulae in methanol residues.

Polythionates [NaS3O6]− [NaS4O6]− [NaS5O6]− [NaS6O6]− [NaS7O6]−

CHO [C16H15O7]− [C17H19O6]− [C18H23O5]− [C19H27O4]− [C20H31O3]− [C21H35O2]−

CHNO [C16H19N2O5]− [C17H23N2O4]− [C18H27N2O3]− [C19H31N2O2]−

CHOS [C13H19O7S]− [C14H23O6S]− [C15H27O5S]− [C16H31O4S]− [C17H35O3S]−

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at Cite error: The named reference Glavin2025 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Cite error: The named reference Cooper2011 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference Cooper2001 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ a b c d Cite error: The named reference Cooper2019 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Cite error: The named reference Oba2022 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h Cite error: The named reference Oba2023 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ Kaplan HH, Simon AA, Hamilton VE, Thompson MS, Sandford SA, Barucci MA, Cloutis EA, Brucato J, Reuter DC, Glavin DP, Clark BE, Dworkin JP, Campins H, Emery JP, Fornasier S, Zou XD, Lauretta DS (September 2021). "Composition of organics on asteroid (101955) Bennu". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 653: L1. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202141167.
  8. ^ Voosen, Paul (2018). "NASA rover hits organic pay dirt on Mars". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aau3992. ISSN 0036-8075. S2CID 115442477.
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