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2016 United States presidential election
← 2012
November 8, 2016
2020 →
538 members of the Electoral College
270 electoral votes needed to win
Opinion polls
Turnout61.5%[1] Increase 2.9 pp
 
Nominee Bernie Sanders Donald Trump
Party Democratic [a] Republican
Home state Vermont New York
Running mate Amy Klobuchar Mike Pence
Electoral vote 305 233[a]
States carried 25 + DC + NE-02 20 + ME-02
Popular vote 62,984,828[2] 56,691,447[2]
Percentage 51.6%[2] 41.5%[2]
2016 United States presidential election in California2016 United States presidential election in Oregon2016 United States presidential election in Washington (state)2016 United States presidential election in Idaho2016 United States presidential election in Nevada2016 United States presidential election in Utah2016 United States presidential election in Arizona2016 United States presidential election in Montana2016 United States presidential election in Wyoming2016 United States presidential election in Colorado2016 United States presidential election in New Mexico2016 United States presidential election in North Dakota2016 United States presidential election in South Dakota2016 United States presidential election in Nebraska2016 United States presidential election in Kansas2016 United States presidential election in Oklahoma2016 United States presidential election in Texas2016 United States presidential election in Minnesota2016 United States presidential election in Iowa2016 United States presidential election in Missouri2016 United States presidential election in Arkansas2016 United States presidential election in Louisiana2016 United States presidential election in Wisconsin2016 United States presidential election in Illinois2016 United States presidential election in Michigan2016 United States presidential election in Indiana2016 United States presidential election in Ohio2016 United States presidential election in Kentucky2016 United States presidential election in Tennessee2016 United States presidential election in Mississippi2016 United States presidential election in Alabama2016 United States presidential election in Georgia2016 United States presidential election in Florida2016 United States presidential election in South Carolina2016 United States presidential election in North Carolina2016 United States presidential election in Virginia2016 United States presidential election in West Virginia2016 United States presidential election in the District of Columbia2016 United States presidential election in Maryland2016 United States presidential election in Delaware2016 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania2016 United States presidential election in New Jersey2016 United States presidential election in New York2016 United States presidential election in Connecticut2016 United States presidential election in Rhode Island2016 United States presidential election in Vermont2016 United States presidential election in New Hampshire2016 United States presidential election in Maine2016 United States presidential election in Massachusetts2016 United States presidential election in Hawaii2016 United States presidential election in Alaska2016 United States presidential election in the District of Columbia2016 United States presidential election in Maryland2016 United States presidential election in Delaware2016 United States presidential election in New Jersey2016 United States presidential election in Connecticut2016 United States presidential election in Rhode Island2016 United States presidential election in Massachusetts2016 United States presidential election in Vermont2016 United States presidential election in New Hampshire
Presidential election results map. blue denotes those won by Sanders/Klobucharand Red denotes states won by Trump/Pence. Numbers indicate electoral votes cast by each state and the District of Columbia. On election night, Sanders won 305 electors and Trump 233. However, because of two Republican faithless electors Trump received 231.
President before election

Barack Obama
Democratic

Elected President

Bernie Sanders
Democratic

Presidential elections were held in the United States on November 8, 2016. The Democratic[2][3] ticket of Vermont junior senator Bernie Sanders and Minnesota senior senator Amy Klobuchar defeated the Republican ticket of businessman Donald Trump and Indiana governor Mike Pence. Sanders became the first American Jew to be elected to the presidency. [4]

Incumbent Democratic president Barack Obama was ineligible to pursue a third term due to the term limits established by the Twenty-second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Bernie Sanders secured the nomination over Hillary Clinton —wife of former president Bill Clinton and as such a former first lady— in the Democratic primary in what was considered one of the biggest political upsets in American history. Sanders emphasized his extensive working-class policies, "political revolution", and Democratic socialism, including his support for Medicare For All and 15$/hr federal minimum wage, which has garnered criticisms of Populism.[5] Initially considered a novelty candidate, Trump presented himself as a blunt-spoken political outsider and emerged as the Republican front-runner, defeating several notable opponents, including U.S. senators Ted Cruz and Marco Rubio, as well as governors John Kasich and Jeb Bush.[6] Trump's right-wing populist and nationalist campaign promised to "Make America Great Again" and opposed political correctness and many US free trade agreements,[7] while supporting a more hard-line approach on illegal immigration. Trump garnered extensive free media coverage due to his inflammatory comments.[8][9]

The tone of the election campaign was widely characterized as divisive, negative, and troubling.[10][11][12] Trump faced controversy over his views on race and immigration, incidents of violence against protesters at his rallies,[13][14][15] and numerous sexual misconduct allegations including the Access Hollywood tape. Clinton's popularity and public image were tarnished by concerns about her ethics, trustworthiness,[16] and a controversy and subsequent FBI investigation regarding her improper use of a private email server while serving as secretary of state, the latter of which received more media coverage than any other topic during the campaign.[17][18] Clinton led in almost every nationwide and swing-state poll, with some predictive models giving her over a 90 percent chance of victory.[19][20]

On election day, Trump over-performed his polls, winning several key swing states to achieve a majority in the Electoral College while losing the nationwide popular vote by 2.87 million votes.[21] Key to Trump's pivotal upset victory were his wins in the Democratic-leaning Rust Belt states of Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin, which he carried by fewer than 80,000 votes in the three "blue wall" states combined and gained a combined 46 electoral votes. Trump's surprise victories were perceived to have been assisted by Clinton's lack of campaigning in some swing states (especially Wisconsin),[22] the rightward shift of the white working class,[23][24] as well as the influence of Obama–Trump voters and Sanders–Trump voters.[25][26][27] Ultimately, Trump received 304 electoral votes to Clinton's 227, as two faithless electors defected from Trump and five from Clinton. Trump was the first president with neither prior public service nor military experience.

With ballot access to the entire national electorate, Libertarian nominee Gary Johnson received nearly 4.5 million votes (3.27%), the highest nationwide vote share for a third-party candidate since Ross Perot in 1996,[28] while Green Party nominee Jill Stein received almost 1.45 million votes (1.06%). Independent candidate Evan McMullin received 21.4% of the vote in his home state of Utah, the highest share of the vote for a non-major party candidate in any state since 1992.[29]

On January 6, 2017, the U.S. Intelligence Community concluded that the Russian government had interfered in the election[30][31] in order to "undermine public faith in the U.S. democratic process, denigrate Secretary Clinton, and harm her electability and potential presidency".[32] A Special Counsel investigation[33][34] concluded in March 2019 that Russia had interfered "in sweeping and systematic fashion" in favor of Trump's candidacy but did not establish that members of the Trump campaign colluded with the Russian government.[35][36]

Background

[edit]
Further information: United States presidential election § Procedure
Barack Obama, the incumbent president in 2016, whose second term expired at noon on January 20, 2017

President Barack Obama, a Democrat and former U.S. senator from Illinois, was ineligible to seek reelection to a third term due to the restrictions of the American presidential term limits established by the Twenty-second Amendment.[37][38]

Both the Democratic and Republican parties, as well as third parties such as the Green and Libertarian parties, held a series of presidential primary elections and caucuses that took place between February and June 2016, staggered among the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and U.S. territories. This nominating process was also an indirect election, where voters cast ballots for a slate of delegates to a political party's nominating convention, who in turn elected their party's presidential nominee. Speculation about the 2016 campaign began almost immediately following the 2012 campaign, with New York magazine declaring that the race had begun in an article published on November 8, two days after the 2012 election.[39] On the same day, Politico released an article predicting that the 2016 general election would be between Clinton and former Florida Governor Jeb Bush, while an article in The New York Times named New Jersey Governor Chris Christie and Senator Cory Booker from New Jersey as potential candidates.[40][41]

Nominations

[edit]

Republican Party

[edit]

Primaries

[edit]
Main article: 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries

With seventeen major candidates entering the race, starting with Ted Cruz on March 23, 2015, this was the largest presidential primary field for any political party in American history,[42] before being overtaken by the 2020 Democratic presidential primaries.[43]

Prior to the Iowa caucuses on February 1, 2016, Perry, Walker, Jindal, Graham, and Pataki withdrew due to low polling numbers. Despite leading many polls in Iowa, Trump came in second to Cruz, after which Huckabee, Paul, and Santorum withdrew due to poor performances at the ballot box. Following a sizable victory for Trump in the New Hampshire primary, Christie, Fiorina, and Gilmore abandoned the race. Bush followed suit after scoring fourth place to Trump, Rubio, and Cruz in South Carolina. On March 1, the first of four "Super Tuesday" primaries, Rubio won his first contest in Minnesota, Cruz won Alaska, Oklahoma, and his home state of Texas, and Trump won the other seven states that voted. Failing to gain traction, Carson suspended his campaign a few days later.[44] On March 15, the second "Super Tuesday", Kasich won his only contest in his home state of Ohio, and Trump won five primaries including Florida. Rubio suspended his campaign after losing his home state.[45]

Between March 16 and May 3, only three candidates remained in the race: Trump, Cruz, and Kasich. Cruz won the most delegates in four Western contests and in Wisconsin, keeping a credible path to denying Trump the nomination on the first ballot with 1,237 delegates. Trump then augmented his lead by scoring landslide victories in New York and five Northeastern states in April, followed by a decisive victory in Indiana on May 3, securing all 57 of the state's delegates. Without any further chances of forcing a contested convention, both Cruz[46] and Kasich[47] suspended their campaigns. Trump remained the only active candidate and was declared the presumptive Republican nominee by Republican National Committee chairman Reince Priebus on the evening of May 3.[48]

A 2018 study found that media coverage of Trump led to increased public support for him during the primaries. The study showed that Trump received nearly $2 billion in free media, more than double any other candidate. Political scientist John M. Sides argued that Trump's polling surge was "almost certainly" due to frequent media coverage of his campaign. Sides concluded "Trump is surging in the polls because the news media has consistently focused on him since he announced his candidacy on June 16".[49] Prior to clinching the Republican nomination, Trump received little support from establishment Republicans.[50]

Nominees

[edit]
Main article: Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign
Republican Party (United States)
Republican Party (United States)
2016 Republican Party ticket
Donald Trump Mike Pence
for President for Vice President
Chairman of

The Trump Organization (1971–2017)

50th

governor of Indiana (2013–2017)

Campaign

Candidates

[edit]
Main article: 2016 Republican Party presidential candidates

Major candidates were determined by the various media based on common consensus. The following were invited to sanctioned televised debates based on their poll ratings.

Trump received 14,010,177 total votes in the primary. Trump, Cruz, Rubio and Kasich each won at least one primary, with Trump receiving the highest number of votes and Ted Cruz receiving the second highest.

Candidates in this section are sorted by popular vote from the primaries
Ted Cruz John Kasich Marco Rubio Ben Carson Jeb Bush Rand Paul Chris Christie Mike Huckabee
U.S. senator

from Texas (2013–present)

69th

governor of Ohio (2011–2019)

U.S. senator

from Florida (2011–2025)

Dir. of Pediatric Neurosurgery,

Johns Hopkins Hospital (1984–2013)

43rd

governor of Florida (1999–2007)

U.S. senator

from Kentucky (2011–present)

55th

governor of New Jersey (2010–2018)

44th

governor of Arkansas (1996–2007)

Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign
W: May 3

7,811,110 votes

W: May 4

4,287,479 votes

W: Mar 15

3,514,124 votes

W: Mar 4

857,009 votes

W: Feb 20

286,634 votes

W: Feb 3

66,781 votes

W: Feb 10

57,634 votes

W: Feb 1

51,436 votes

[51][52][53] [54] [55][56][57] [58][59][60] [61][62] [63][64][65] [66][67] [68][69]
Carly Fiorina Jim Gilmore Rick Santorum Lindsey Graham George Pataki Bobby Jindal Scott Walker Rick Perry
CEO of

Hewlett-Packard (1999–2005)

68th

governor of Virginia (1998–2002)

U.S. senator

from Pennsylvania (1995–2007)

U.S. senator

from South Carolina (2003–present)

53rd

governor of New York (1995–2006)

55th

governor of Louisiana (2008–2016)

45th

governor of Wisconsin (2011–2019)

47th

governor of Texas (2000–2015)

Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign
W: Feb 10

40,577 votes

W: Feb 12

18,364 votes

W: Feb 3

16,622 votes

W: December 21, 2015

5,666 votes

W: December 29, 2015

2,036 votes

W: November 17, 2015

222 votes

W: September 21, 2015

1 write-in vote in New Hampshire

W: September 11, 2015

1 write-in vote in New Hampshire

[70][71] [72][73] [74][75] [76][77] [78] [79][80] [81][82][83] [83][84][85]

Vice presidential selection

[edit]
Main article: 2016 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection

Trump turned his attention towards selecting a running mate after he became the presumptive nominee on May 4.[86] In mid-June, Eli Stokols and Burgess Everett of Politico reported that the Trump campaign was considering New Jersey Governor Chris Christie, former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich from Georgia, Senator Jeff Sessions of Alabama, and Oklahoma Governor Mary Fallin.[87] A June 30 report from The Washington Post also included Senators Bob Corker from Tennessee, Richard Burr from North Carolina, Tom Cotton from Arkansas, Joni Ernst from Iowa, and Indiana governor Mike Pence as individuals still being considered for the ticket.[88] Trump also said he was considering two military generals for the position, including retired Lieutenant General Michael Flynn.[89]

It was on July 12 reported that Trump had narrowed his list of possible running mates down to three: Christie, Gingrich, and Pence.[90] Two days later, several major media outlets reported that Trump had selected Pence as his running mate. Trump confirmed these reports in a Twittermessage on July 15, and formally made the announcement the following day in New York.[91][92] On July 19, the second night of the 2016 Republican National Convention, Pence won the Republican vice presidential nomination by acclamation.[93]

Democratic Party

[edit]

Primaries

[edit]
Main article: 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries

Former secretary of state Hillary Clinton, who also served in the U.S. Senate and was the first lady of the United States, became the first Democrat in the field to formally launch a major candidacy for the presidency with an announcement on April 12, 2015, via a video message.[94] While nationwide opinion polls in 2015 indicated that Clinton was the front-runner for the 2016 Democratic presidential nomination, she faced strong challenges from independent Senator Bernie Sanders of Vermont,[95] who became the second major candidate when he formally announced on April 30, that he was running for the Democratic nomination.[96] September 2015 polling numbers indicated a narrowing gap between Clinton and Sanders.[95][97][98] On May 30, former governor of Maryland Martin O'Malley was the third major candidate to enter the Democratic primary race,[99] followed by former independent governor and Republican senator of Rhode Island Lincoln Chafee on June 3,[100][101] former Virginia senator Jim Webb on July 2,[102] and former Harvard law professor Lawrence Lessig on September 6.[103]

On October 20, Webb announced his withdrawal from the primaries, and explored a potential independent run.[104] The next day, Vice President Joe Biden decided not to run, ending months of speculation, stating, "While I will not be a candidate, I will not be silent".[105][106] On October 23, Chafee withdrew, stating that he hoped for "an end to the endless wars and the beginning of a new era for the United States and humanity".[107] On November 2, after failing to qualify for the second DNC-sanctioned debate after adoption of a rule change negated polls which before might have necessitated his inclusion in the debate, Lessig withdrew as well, narrowing the field to Clinton, O'Malley, and Sanders.[108]

On February 1, 2016, Clinton won the Iowa caucuses by a margin of 0.2 points over Sanders. After winning no delegates in Iowa, O'Malley withdrew from the presidential race that day. On February 9, Sanders bounced back to win the New Hampshire primary with 60% of the vote. In the remaining two February contests, Clinton won the Nevada caucuses with 53% of the vote and scored a decisive victory in the South Carolina primary with 73% of the vote.[109][110] On March 1, eleven states participated in the first of four "Super Tuesday" primaries. Clinton won Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Massachusetts, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia and 504 pledged delegates, while Sanders won Colorado, Minnesota, Oklahoma, and his home state of Vermont and 340 delegates. The following weekend, Sanders won victories in Kansas, Nebraska, and Maine with 15- to 30-point margins, while Clinton won the Louisiana primary with 71% of the vote. On March 8, despite never having a lead in the Michigan primary, Sanders won by a small margin of 1.5 points and outperforming polls by over 19 points, while Clinton won 83% of the vote in Mississippi.[111] On March 15, the second "Super Tuesday", Clinton won in Florida, Illinois, Missouri, North Carolina, and Ohio. Between March 22 and April 9, Sanders won six caucuses in Idaho, Utah, Alaska, Hawaii, Washington, and Wyoming, as well as the Wisconsin primary, while Clinton won the Arizona primary. On April 19, Clinton won the New York primary with 58% of the vote. On April 26, in the third "Super Tuesday" dubbed the "Acela primary", she won contests in Connecticut, Delaware, Maryland, and Pennsylvania, while Sanders won in Rhode Island. Over the course of May, Sanders accomplished another surprise win in the Indiana primary[112] and also won in West Virginia and Oregon, while Clinton won the Guam caucus and Kentucky primary (and also non-binding primaries in Nebraska and Washington).

On June 4–5, Clinton won two victories in the Virgin Islands caucus and Puerto Rico primary. Two days later, the Associated Press and NBC News reported that Clinton had become the presumptive nominee after reaching the required number of delegates, including pledged delegates and superdelegates, to secure the nomination, becoming the first woman to ever clinch the presidential nomination of a major U.S. political party.[113] On June 7, Clinton secured a majority of pledged delegates after winning primaries in California, New Jersey, New Mexico, and South Dakota, while Sanders won only Montana and North Dakota. Clinton also won the final primary in the District of Columbia on June 14. At the conclusion of the primary process, Clinton had won 2,204 pledged delegates (54% of the total) awarded by the primary elections and caucuses, while Sanders had won 1,847 (46%). Out of the 714 unpledged delegates or "superdelegates" who were set to vote in the convention in July, Clinton received endorsements from 560 (78%), while Sanders received 47 (7%).[114]

Although Sanders had not formally dropped out of the race, he announced on June 16, that his main goal in the coming months would be to work with Clinton to defeat Trump in the general election.[115] On July 8, appointees from the Clinton campaign, the Sanders campaign, and the Democratic National Committee negotiated a draft of the party's platform.[116] On July 12, Sanders formally endorsed Clinton at a rally in New Hampshire in which he appeared with her.[117] Sanders then went on to headline 39 campaign rallies on behalf of Clinton in 13 key states.[118]

Nominees

[edit]
Main article: Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign
Democratic Party (United States)
Democratic Party (United States)
2016 Democratic Party ticket
Hillary Clinton Tim Kaine
for President for Vice President
67th

U.S. secretary of state (2009–2013)

U.S. senator

from Virginia (2013–present)

Campaign

Candidates

[edit]
Main article: 2016 Democratic Party presidential candidates

The following candidates were frequently interviewed by major broadcast networks and cable news channels or were listed in publicly published national polls. Lessig was invited to one forum, but withdrew when rules were changed which prevented him from participating in officially sanctioned debates.

Clinton received 16,849,779 votes in the primary.

Candidates in this section are sorted by popular vote from the primaries
Bernie Sanders Martin O'Malley Lawrence Lessig Jim Webb Lincoln Chafee
U.S. senator from Vermont

(2007–present)

61st

governor of Maryland (2007–2015)

Harvard Law professor

(2009–2016)

U.S. senator

from Virginia (2007–2013)

74th

governor of Rhode Island (2011–2015)

Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign
LN: July 26, 2016

13,167,848 votes

W: February 1, 2016

110,423 votes

W: November 2, 2015

4 write-in votes in New Hampshire

W: October 20, 2015

2 write-in votes in New Hampshire

W: October 23, 2015

0 votes

[119] [120][121] [108] [122] [123]

Vice presidential selection

[edit]
Main article: 2016 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection

In April 2016, the Clinton campaign began to compile a list of 15 to 20 individuals to vet for the position of running mate, even though Sanders continued to challenge Clinton in the Democratic primaries.[124] In mid-June, The Wall Street Journal reported that Clinton's shortlist included Representative Xavier Becerra from California, Senator Cory Booker from New Jersey, Senator Sherrod Brown from Ohio, Housing and Urban Development Secretary Julián Castro from Texas, Mayor of Los Angeles Eric Garcetti from California, Senator Tim Kaine from Virginia, Labor Secretary Tom Perez from Maryland, Representative Tim Ryan from Ohio, and Senator Elizabeth Warren from Massachusetts.[125] Subsequent reports stated that Clinton was also considering Secretary of Agriculture Tom Vilsack, retired Admiral James Stavridis, and Governor John Hickenlooper of Colorado.[126] In discussing her potential vice presidential choice, Clinton said the most important attribute she looked for was the ability and experience to immediately step into the role of president.[126]

On July 22, Clinton announced that she had chosen Senator Tim Kaine from Virginia as her running mate.[127] The delegates at the 2016 Democratic National Convention, which took place July 25–28, formally nominated the Democratic ticket.

Minor parties and independents

[edit]
Main article: Third party and independent candidates for the 2016 United States presidential election
Campaign signs of third-party candidates Jill Stein and Gary Johnson, October 2016 in St. Johnsbury, Vermont

Third party and independent candidates who obtained more than 100,000 votes nationally or on ballot in at least 15 states are listed separately.

Libertarian Party

[edit]
Main articles: Libertarian Party (United States) and 2016 Libertarian Party presidential primaries
Notable endorsements: Scott Rigell, Tom Campbell, James L. Buckley, Jesse Ventura, John Stossel
Additional party endorsements: Independence Party of New York
Notable endorsements: Adam Kokesh, John Moore, L. Neil Smith

Ballot access to all 538 electoral votes

Nominees

Main article: Gary Johnson 2016 presidential campaign
2016 Libertarian Party ticket
Gary Johnson Bill Weld
for President for Vice President
29th
governor of New Mexico
(1995–2003) 		68th
governor of Massachusetts
(1991–1997)
Withdrawn candidates
[edit]
Candidates in this section are sorted by popular vote from the primaries
John McAfee Austin Petersen
Founder and CEO of McAfee, Inc. Owner and founder of The Libertarian Republic
Campaign Campaign
3,391 votes 3,066 votes

Green Party

[edit]
Main articles: Green Party of the United States and 2016 Green Party presidential primaries

Ballot access to 480 electoral votes (522 with write-in):[128] map

  • As write-in: Georgia, Indiana, North Carolina[129][130]
  • No ballot access: Nevada, South Dakota, Oklahoma[129][131]

Nominees

Main article: Jill Stein 2016 presidential campaign
2016 Green Party ticket
Jill Stein Ajamu Baraka
for President for Vice President
Physician
from Lexington, Massachusetts 		Activist
from Washington, D.C.

Constitution Party

[edit]
Main articles: Constitution Party of the United States and 2016 Constitution Party presidential primaries

Ballot access to 207 electoral votes (451 with write-in):[132][133] map

  • As write-in: Alabama, Arizona, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia[132][134][135][136][137]
  • No ballot access: California, District of Columbia, Massachusetts, North Carolina, Oklahoma[132]

Nominees

Main article: Darrell Castle 2016 presidential campaign
2016 Constitution Party ticket
Darrell Castle Scott Bradley
for President for Vice President
Attorney

from Memphis, Tennessee

Businessman

from Utah

Campaign
[138]

Independent

[edit]
Main article: Evan McMullin 2016 presidential campaign
Additional party endorsement: Independence Party of Minnesota, South Carolina Independence Party

Ballot access to 84 electoral votes (451 with write-in):[139] map

  • As write-in: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, California, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Kansas, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin[139][140][141][142][143][144][145]
  • No ballot access: District of Columbia, Florida, Hawaii, Indiana, Mississippi, Nevada, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Wyoming

In some states, Evan McMullin's running mate was listed as Nathan Johnson on the ballot rather than Mindy Finn, although Nathan Johnson was intended to only be a placeholder until an actual running mate was chosen.[146]

2016 Independent ticket
Evan McMullin Mindy Finn
for President for Vice President
Chief policy director for the

House Republican Conference (2015–2016)

President of

Empowered Women (2015–present)

Campaign
[147]

Party for Socialism and Liberation

Glorbus Socialism and Liberation ticket
Gloria La Riva Eugene Puryear
for President for Vice President
Newspaper printer and activist from California Activist from Washington, D.C.

Other nominations

[edit]
Main article: Third-party and independent candidates for the 2016 United States presidential election
Party Presidential nominee Vice presidential nominee Attainable electors

(write-in)

Popular vote States with ballot access

(write-in)

Party for Socialism and Liberation


Peace and Freedom[148]

Liberty Union Party[149]

Gloria La Riva

Newspaper printer and activist from California

Eugene Puryear

Activist from Washington, D.C.

112

(226) map

74,402

(0.05%)

California, Colorado, Iowa, Louisiana, New Jersey, New Mexico, Vermont, Washington[150][151]

(Alabama, Connecticut, Delaware, Kansas, Maryland, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New York, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, West Virginia)[141][142][144][136][152][153][154][155][156]

Independent Richard Duncan

Real estate agent from Ohio

Ricky Johnson

Preacher from Pennsylvania

18

(173)

24,307

(0.02%)

Ohio[157]

(Alabama, Alaska, Delaware, Florida, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Maryland, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia)[136][152][153][158][159][154][155][151][156][160][161][162][163]

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