Trimonoecy
Trimonoecy, also called polygamomonoecy or androgynomonoecy, is a sexual system in plants in which a single individual produces male, female, and hermaphroditic flowers simultaneously.[1] Trimonoecy is rare,[2] occurring in 0.025% of angiosperm species.[3]
It is a monomorphic sexual system along with monoecy, gynomonoecy, and andromonoecy. It is hypothesized that trimonoecy originated from gynomonoecy.[4]
Genetic basis
[edit]In melon, sex forms are controlled by three major genes: G/g (gynoecious), A/a (andromonecious) and M/m (male).[5] Mutations in M, which encodes an ACC synthase (ACS) involved in ethylene biosynthesis, causes female flowers to become hermaphroditic and the individual to become trimonoecious.[5] Similarly in Cucurbita pepo, mutating ACO1A, another ethylene biosynthesis gene, also promotes the conversion of female flowers to hermaphroditic flowers while male flowers remain unaffected, resulting in partial andromonoecy or trimonoecy.[6] Ethylene is a master regulator of sex determination in plants, including the cucurbits.[7]
Prevalence
[edit]Trimonoecy is present in 73 species across 44 genera and 29 families of angiosperms; 6.9% of all angiosperm families, including 20.0% of monocot families, are trimonoecious.[3] 80.3% of all trimonoecious species belong to the Superrosids or Superasterids.[3] No evidence of trimonoecy has been found in basal angiosperms or magnoliids.[3]
Species
[edit]- Cocos nucifera[8]
- Galium rivale[9]
- Jatropha curcas[10]
- Phyllanthus acidus[2]
- Sanguisorba minor[11]
- Thymelaea hirsuta[12]
Families
[edit]- Amaranthaceae[3]
- Anacardiaceae[13]
- Apiaceae[13]
- Araliaceae[13]
- Arecaceae[8]
- Chenopodiaceae[13]
- Cleomaceae[3]
- Commelinaceae[3][14]: 309
- Cucurbitaceae[15]
- Euphorbiaceae[10]
- Fabaceae[13]
- Orchidaceae[13]
- Palmae[13]
- Phyllanthaceae[2]
- Poaceae[3]
- Rosaceae[11]
- Rubiaceae[9]
- Thymelaeaceae[12]
References
[edit]- ^ "Glossary Details - The William & Lynda Steere Herbarium". sweetgum.nybg.org. Retrieved 2021-09-10.
- ^ a b c Cardoso-Gustavson, Poliana; Demarco, Diego; Carmello-Guerreiro, Sandra Maria (2011-08-06). "Evidence of trimonoecy in Phyllanthaceae: Phyllanthus acidus". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 296 (3): 283. Bibcode:2011PSyEv.296..283C. doi:10.1007/s00606-011-0494-3. ISSN 1615-6110. S2CID 13226982.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Godin, V. N.; Н, Годин В. (2025-12-15). "Trimonoecy in flowering plants". Botanical Journal (in Russian). 110 (7): 619–633. doi:10.31857/S0006813625070017 (inactive 4 June 2026). ISSN 2658-6339.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2026 (link) - ^ Torices, Rubén; Méndez, Marcos; Gómez, José María (2011). "Where do monomorphic sexual systems fit in the evolution of dioecy? Insights from the largest family of angiosperms". New Phytologist. 190 (1): 234–248. Bibcode:2011NewPh.190..234T. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03609.x. ISSN 1469-8137. PMID 21219336.
- ^ a b Ji, Gaojie; Zhang, Jie; Gong, Guoyi; Shi, Jianting; Zhang, Haiying; Ren, Yi; Guo, Shaogui; Gao, Junping; Shen, Huolin; Xu, Yong (2015-09-22). "Inheritance of sex forms in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus)". Scientia Horticulturae. 193: 367–373. Bibcode:2015ScHor.193..367J. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2015.07.039. ISSN 0304-4238.
- ^ Cebrián, Gustavo; Iglesias-Moya, Jessica; Romero, Jonathan; Martínez, Cecilia; Garrido, Dolores; Jamilena, Manuel (2022-01-24). "The Ethylene Biosynthesis Gene CpACO1A: A New Player in the Regulation of Sex Determination and Female Flower Development in Cucurbita pepo". Frontiers in Plant Science. 12 817922. Bibcode:2022FrPS...1217922C. doi:10.3389/fpls.2021.817922. ISSN 1664-462X. PMC 8818733. PMID 35140733.
- ^ Manzano, Susana; Martínez, Cecilia; García, Juan Manuel; Megías, Zoraida; Jamilena, Manuel (2014-12-01). "Involvement of ethylene in sex expression and female flower development in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus)". Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 85: 96–104. Bibcode:2014PlPB...85...96M. doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2014.11.004. ISSN 0981-9428. PMID 25463265.
- ^ a b Preedy, Victor R.; Watson, Ronald Ross (2011-03-31). Nuts and Seeds in Health and Disease Prevention. Academic Press. p. 363. ISBN 978-0-12-375689-3.
- ^ a b Godin, V. N.; Н, Годин В. (2025-02-19). "Trimonoecy in Galium rivale (Rubiaceae)". Botanical Journal (in Russian). 110 (2): 150–158. doi:10.31857/S0006813625020037 (inactive 4 June 2026). ISSN 2658-6339.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2026 (link) - ^ a b Triadiati, Triadiati; Kurniati, Kurniati; Widyastuti, Utut; Dasumiati, Dasumiati (2019-12-02). "Androgynomonoecious Jatropha curcas: Chromosomes, Isozymes, and Flowers Gender". HAYATI Journal of Biosciences. 26 (3): 139. doi:10.4308/hjb.26.3.139. ISSN 2086-4094.
- ^ a b Percival, M. (2013-10-22). Floral Biology. Elsevier. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-4832-9302-8.
- ^ a b Urbani, M. (2009-09-14). "Notes on the Distribution of Sexual Polymorphism in Some Italian Populations of Thymelaea Hirsuta (L.) Endl. (Thymelaeaceae)". Plant Biosystem. 130: 460. doi:10.1080/11263509609439683.
- ^ a b c d e f g Batygina, T. B. (2019-04-23). Embryology of Flowering Plants: Terminology and Concepts, Vol. 3: Reproductive Systems. CRC Press. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-4398-4436-6.
- ^ Wilson, Karen L.; Morrison, David A. (2000-05-19). Monocots: Systematics and Evolution: Systematics and Evolution. Csiro Publishing. ISBN 978-0-643-09929-6.
- ^ Aguado, Encarnación; García, Alicia; Iglesias-Moya, Jessica; Romero, Jonathan; Wehner, Todd C.; Gómez-Guillamón, María Luisa; Picó, Belén; Garcés-Claver, Ana; Martínez, Cecilia; Jamilena, Manuel (2020-08-19). "Mapping a Partial Andromonoecy Locus in Citrullus lanatus Using BSA-Seq and GWAS Approaches". Frontiers in Plant Science. 11 1243. Bibcode:2020FrPS...11.1243A. doi:10.3389/fpls.2020.01243. ISSN 1664-462X. PMC 7466658. PMID 32973825.
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