Top left: Elizabeth II was the longest-reigning female monarch, reigning as Queen of the United Kingdom for 70 years, from 1952 to 2022. Top right: Victoria reigned as Queen of the United Kingdom for 63 years, from 1837 to 1901; the longest at the time. Bottom left: Wilhelmina , Queen of the Netherlands for 58 years from 1890 to 1948, is the longest-reigning female monarch outside the United Kingdom. Bottom right: Margrethe II was Queen of Denmark for 52 years, from 1972 until her abdication in 2024; she is the most recent sole female monarch of a sovereign state. This is a list of current and former female monarchs regardless of title, including queens regnant , empresses regnant, pharaohs and monarchs by other titles (grand duchess, princess, etc.). Consorts, such queens consort (i.e. spouses of male monarchs) are not included, see list of current consorts of sovereigns . Female regents are not included; see list of regents .
The following is an incomplete list of women monarchs who are well known from popular writings, although many ancient and poorly documented ruling monarchs (such as those from Africa and Oceania ) are omitted. Section 1 lists monarchs who ruled in their own right, such as queens regnant . Section 2 lists legendary monarchs. Section 3 lists monarchs who ruled in their own right, but had no official legal recognition while in power. Section 4 lists various female rulers who were referred to with the title "Chieftainess". Regents, such as queens regent, are not monarchs and are not included here. The lists do include claimants and anti-rulers whose recognition among their subjects and legitimacy as monarchs are disputed.
Independent or autonomous monarchs [ edit ] The Canary Islands are a Spanish territory in North Africa.
The first verified female monarch of Egypt is Sobekneferu of the Twelfth dynasty . However, queens from earlier periods such as Neithhotep , Merneith and Khentkaus I held powerful positions and may have ruled Egypt in their own right, but the archaeological evidence is ambiguous.[ 2]
Pokou (reigned c. 1750 – c. 1760 )[ 30] Akwa Boni (reigned c. 1760 – c. 1790 )[ 30] Èyé Àró (reigned 1393–1419)
Èyémọ̀ị́n (reigned 1705–1735)
Amọ́robíòjò (reigned 1850–1851) Arnado Debbo has been ruled by women for about two and a half centuries.[ 32]
Nyagangwu Sukbarub[ 32]
Nyagangwu Seuduu[ 32]
Nyagangwu Jubkuna[ 32]
Nyagangwu Shukji[ 32]
Nyagangwu Kuhube[ 32]
Nyagangwu Nyagyeb[ 32]
Nygangwu Nyabuu[ 32]
Nyagangwu Saante[ 32]
Nyagangwu Gan Ya Khantso[ 32]
Nyagangwu Nyasir[ 32]
Nyagangwu Wekangshi[ 32]
Nyagangwu Umma Toro[ 32]
Nyaganwu Astadukko Buba[ 32]
Nyagangwu Bintu Namda[ 32] The title "Kabara" was used by female monarchs who ruled over the Hausa people in the Middle Ages. A line of matriarchal monarchs is recorded in the Kano Chronicle Daurama in the 9th century.[ 33] c. 700 to c. 1000 .[ 34]
Kufuru
Ginu
Yakumo
Yakunya
Wanzamu
Yanbamu
Gizir-gizir
Inna-Gari
Daurama
Ga-Wata
Shata
Fatatuma
Sai-Da-Mata
Ja-Mata
Ha-Mata
Zama
Sha-Wata
Daurama IIFederation of Nigeria [ edit ] Kumbwada has been ruled by women for at least six successive generations.[ 36]
Bakwa Turunku (reigned 1536–1539/1566)Amina (reigned 1576–1610)Zaria (reigned 1610–?) – she succeeded her sister Amina[ 37] Lingeer 's leadership activities were carried out at the highest tier, as a co-monarch.
Female rulers of the Floup people [fr ] :
Ayimpène (reigned c. 1907 – c. 1931)[ 39] [ 40]
Sibeth, also spelled Sibet (reigned late 1930s–1976)[ 39] [ 40] There were two female monarchs during Kongo Civil War .
Nhakatolo [pt ] or Nyakatolo is the hereditary queen of Luvale.
Other female sultans also ruled on the Comoros, but their reign dates are unknown:
Monarch
Office
State
Reign dates
Ref.
Nyau wa Faume
Sultan
Bambao
Unknown
[ 50]
Ja Mhaba
Sultan
Bajini
c. 1880s
[ 50]
Hadija bint Ahmed
Sultan
Bajini
c. 1880s
[ 50]
Queen of Angoche, name unknown (reigned in the 16th century) – she succeeded her brother and was succeeded by her husband Molidi[ 58] Abudok [fr ] , the eighth ruler (and only queen) of the Shilluk.[ 61] Mugalula (reigned 1893)[ 67] The Ndlovukati serves as a joint head of state, ruling alongside the Ngwenyama .
The Modjadji or Rain Queen is the hereditary queen of Lobedu , the people of the Limpopo Province of South Africa . The succession to the position of Rain Queen is matrilineal , meaning that the Queen's eldest daughter is the heir, and that males are not entitled to inherit the throne at all. The Rain Queen is believed to have special powers, including the ability to control the clouds and rainfall .
The Lozi kingdom is divided into north and south. The north (called Namuso ) is ruled by a man, the Litunga Lwambi ) is ruled by a woman, the Litunga la Mboela or "Queen of the south", and is subordinate to the north.[ 75]
Notulu Kandundu
Kaiko
Mwangala
Matauka
Maibiba
Atangambuyu
Mulima
Makwibi (reigned 1959–2011)
Mbuyu (reigned 2011–present) Sak Kʼukʼ
Monarch
Portrait
Office
State
Start of reign
End of reign
Length
Ref.
Elizabeth II
Queen
Belize
21 September 1981
8 September 2022
Monarch
Portrait
Office
State
Start of reign
End of reign
Length
Ref.
Elizabeth II
Queen
Antigua and Barbuda
1 November 1981
8 September 2022
Queen
Bahamas
10 July 1973
8 September 2022
Queen
Barbados
30 November 1966
30 November 2021
Queen
Grenada
7 February 1974
8 September 2022
Queen
Jamaica
6 August 1962
8 September 2022
Queen
Saint Kitts and Nevis
19 September 1983
8 September 2022
Queen
Saint Lucia
22 February 1979
8 September 2022
Queen
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
27 October 1979
8 September 2022
Queen
Trinidad and Tobago
31 August 1962
1 August 1976
In Tibet , there was Nüguo (Chinese : 女國 , lit. "Kingdom of Women"), also known as Dong nüguo (Chinese : 東女國 , lit. "Eastern Kingdom of Women"), related to the tribe Sumpa .[ 82]
Within the Derge royal lineage of Dharma Kings (法王), there were two female "Dharma Kings".[ 87]
Yangchen Drolma (reigned 1774–1786)[ 88]
Tsewang Lhamo (reigned 1790–1806/08, disputed)
Monarch
Portrait
Office
State
Start of reign
End of reign
Length
Kalindi
–
Rani
Chakma Circle
1832
1873
41 years
Queen of Quilon, name unknown (reigned in the early 16th century) – she concluded a treaty with the Portuguese in 1516[ 107]
Queen of Quilon, name unknown (reigned in the mid-17th century) – she concluded a treaty with the Dutch in 1659[ 108] Attingal was an independent principality until 1729 when Marthanda Varma ascended the throne and incorporated his mother's Attingal in Travancore.[ 107]
Makayiram Thirunal (reigned as junior queen ?–? and as senior queen ?–1678)[ 109]
Umayamma Rani (reigned as junior queen ?–1678 and as senior queen 1678–1698)Queen of Attingal, name unknown (reigned as junior queen ?–1698 and as senior queen 1698–1729)[ 107] Attingal Outbreak of 1721; she was the mother of Marthanda Varma
Queen of Attingal, name unknown (reigned as junior queen 1698–?)[ 107]
Monarch
Portrait
Office
State
Start of reign
End of reign
Length
Ref.
Bai Saheb Daphle
–
Rani
Daphlapur State
16 December 1885
13 January 1917
Hamoon (reigned 1107) – she occupied the throne after her husband Sanghar's death, but was soon crushed by the nobles[ 115] Old Port Pacification Superintendency [ edit ] Shi Er-jie (Chinese : 施二姐 ), also romanized as Shih Er-chieh (reigned c. 1431)[ 118] Shi Jinqing (施進卿) but contested with her brother Shi Jisun (施濟孫) Bundo Kanduang [id ] is the title for a female leader in Minangkabau .
Dyah Tulodong (reigned ?–1032) – she was a queen of Lodoyong, now Tulungagung ; she defeated Airlangga in 1031, but was ultimately defeated by Airlangga in 1032[ 121] Sindangkasih Kingdom [ edit ] Female rulers of Sindangkasih Kingdom [id ] :
Gusti Intan, also known as Ratu Permaisuri (reigned 1892–1902)[ 130] Female rulers of the Paser Sultanate [id ] :
Putri Di Dalam Petung (reigned 1516–?)[ 131] Tanah Bumbu Kingdom [ edit ] Female rulers of the Tanah Bumbu Kingdom [id ] :
Ratu Mas [id ] (reigned in the mid-18th century)[ 132] Ratu Intan I [id ] (reigned in the late 18th century) – ruler of Cantung [id ] and Batulicin [id ] [ 132] Gusti Besar (reigned in the early 19th century) – ruler of Bangkalaan [id ] , Sampanahan [id ] , Menungul [id ] , Cengal [id ] , Cantung [id ] , and Batulicin [id ] [ 132]
Aji Tukul, also known as Ratu Intan II (reigned in the mid-19th century) – ruler of Bangkalaan [id ] , Menungul [id ] , and Cengal [id ] [ 132] Tanjung Pematang Sawang Kingdom [ edit ] Female rulers of the Tanjung Pematang Sawang Kingdom [id ] :
Nyai Undang (reigned in the 14th century)[ 133] Female rulers of the Tidung Kingdom [id ] :
Ikenawai (reigned 1542–1557)[ 134] Boki Panesi (reigned 1825–?)[ 143] Female rulers of the Konawe Kingdom [id ] :
Wekoila (reigned c. 1150 )[ 144] Queen of Lipukasi [id ] , name unknown (reigned c. 1814 ) – in 1814, John Crawfurd saw the female sovereign of the little state of Lipukasi; she was also the wife of the Macassar chief Kraing Lembang Parang, also spelled Karaeng Lembangparang, of Gowa -Tallo [ 145] Tagulandang Kingdom [ edit ] Female rulers of the Tagulandang Kingdom [id ] :
Ratu Leheraung (reigned 1570–1609)[ 146] Queen of Maynila, name unknown (reigned c. 1521 ) – she succeeded her husband Salalila and was succeeded by her son Matanda ; according to oral traditions, her name is "Ysmeria" There were many chiefdoms on Timor , but according to the hierarchy among the Timorese domains, the ruler of Sonbai of West Timor, the ruler of Wehali of Central Timor, and the ruler of Likusaen (today: Liquiçá ) of East Timor were three paramount rulers of Timor.[ 155]
Israel and Palestine [ edit ] The queens of the later Nabataean Kingdom appear alongside their husbands as co-rulers on their coinage.[ 158]
The County of Tripoli was an autonomous state.[ 159]
Iapa, queen of the city Dihrani – Esarhaddon conquered eight kings and queens of the land Bāzu[ 160]
Baslu, queen of the city Ihilum – Esarhaddon conquered eight kings and queens of the land Bāzu[ 160] Zabibe (reigned c. 750 –735 BC)Samsi (reigned c. 735 –710 BC)Yatie (reigned c. 710 –695 BC)Te'el-hunu (reigned c. 695 –690 BC)Tabua (reigned c. 678 –675 BC)Queen of Greater Yuezhi , name unknown (reigned in the 2nd century BC) – after the king of the Greater Yuezhi was killed by the Xiongnu , his wife became the new monarch of Greater Yuezhi[ 162] [ 163] Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan [ edit ] [ edit ]
Monarch
Portrait
Office
State
Start of reign
End of reign
Length
Ref.
Jadwiga [ s] Queen
Poland
16 October 1384
17 July 1399
Anna
Queen
Poland
15 December 1575
19 August 1587
[ edit ] [ edit ]
Monarch
Portrait
Office
State
Start of reign
End of reign
Length
Ref.
Anna
Grand Duchess
Lithuania
15 December 1575
19 August 1587
Luxembourg and Belgium [ edit ] Burgundian Netherlands [ edit ] Spanish Netherlands [ edit ] Austrian Netherlands [ edit ] Grand Duchy of Luxembourg [ edit ]
Monarch
Portrait
Office
State
Start of reign
End of reign
Length of reign
Ref.
Claudine
Lady
Monaco
July 1457
16 March 1458
c. 8 months
Louise Hippolyte
Princess
Monaco
20 February 1731
29 December 1731
United Kingdom and Ireland [ edit ] Including England and Scotland before the union of 1707. Wales as an independent state never had a female monarch.
Monarch
Portrait
Office
State
Start of reign
End of reign
Length
Ref.
Cartimandua
Queen
Brigantes
c. 43
c. 69
c. 25 years
Boudica
Queen
Iceni
c. 60
c. 61
c. 1 year
Seaxburh
–
Queen
Wessex
c. 672
c. 674
c. 2 years
Æthelflæd
Lady
Mercia
911
918
c. 7 years
Ælfwynn
–
Lady
Mercia
12 June 918
4 December 918
Matilda
Lady (disputed )
England
8 April 1141
1148
c. 7 years
[ 169]
Margaret
Queen (disputed )
Scotland
19 March 1286
September 1290
4 years, 6 months
Mary
Queen
Scotland
14 December 1542
24 July 1567
Jane
Queen (disputed )
England
10 July 1553
19 July 1553
[ 170]
Ireland
Mary I
Queen
England
24 July 1553
17 November 1558
Ireland
Elizabeth I
Queen
England
17 November 1558
24 March 1603
Ireland
Mary II
Queen
England
13 February 1689
28 December 1694
Ireland
Scotland
11 April 1689
Anne
Queen
England
8 March 1702
1 May 1707
Scotland
Ireland
1 August 1714
Great Britain
1 May 1707
Victoria
Queen
United Kingdom
20 June 1837
22 January 1901
Elizabeth II
Queen
United Kingdom
6 February 1952
8 September 2022
Pictish Queen, name unknown (reigned c. 617) – in 617, she summoned pirates to massacre Donnán and his companions on the island of Eigg ; she is the only woman ruler mentioned in early Scottish history [ 171]
Monarch
Portrait
Office
State
Start of reign
End of reign
Length
Ref.
Jimena Díaz
Princess
Principality of Valencia
1099
1102
Urraca
Empress
Hispania
30 June 1109
8 March 1126
Queen
León
Queen
Castile
Queen
Galicia
1111
Petronilla
Queen
Aragon
13 November 1137
18 July 1164
Urraca the Asturian
Queen
Kingdom of Artajona [eu ]
1144
1153
Berengaria
Queen
Castile
6 June 1217
31 August 1217
Queen
Toledo
Sancha
Queen
León
24 September 1230
11 December 1230
Queen
Galicia
Dulce
Queen
León
24 September 1230
11 December 1230
Queen
Galicia
Joan I
Queen
Navarre
22 July 1284
2 April 1305
Joan II
Queen
Navarre
1 April 1328
6 October 1349
Isabella of Foix-Castelbon
Co-Princess
Andorra
1398
1412
Blanche I
Queen
Navarre
8 September 1425
1 April 1441
Blanche II
Queen
Navarre
23 September 1461
2 December 1464
Isabella I
Queen
Castile
11 December 1474
26 November 1504
Queen
León
Eleanor
Queen
Navarre
28 January 1479
12 February 1479
Catherine
Queen
Navarre
7 January 1483
12 February 1517
Co-Princess
Andorra
Joanna the Mad
Queen
Castile
26 November 1504
12 April 1555
Queen
Aragon
23 January 1516
Queen
Upper Navarre
Jeanne d'Albret
Queen
Lower Navarre
25 May 1555
9 June 1572
Co-Princess
Andorra
Isabella II
Queen
Spain
29 September 1833
30 September 1868
Queen
Upper Navarre
30 November 1833
Monarch
Portrait
Office
State
Start of reign
End of reign
Length
Ref.
Elizabeth II
Queen
Malta
21 September 1964
13 December 1974
Makea Takau Ariki [ edit ]
Monarch
Portrait
Office
State
Start of reign
End of reign
Length
Ref.
Elizabeth II
Tui Viti
Fiji
1970
1987
17 years
Queen
Papua New Guinea
1975
2022
47 years
Queen
Solomon Islands
1978
2022
44 years
Tui Manuʻa Matelita. Tehaapapa II and Tehaapapa III Purea (reigned in the 18th century), queen of the Teva clan on the southern part of the island before unificationPōmare IV (reigned 1827–1877)Vaekehu – her husband died in 1863, but Vaekehu continued to reign on her own as QueenHinakaimauli'awa , 2nd Chiefess of Ko'olauMualani , 3rd Chiefess of Ko'olauKaimihauoku, 7th Chiefess of Ko'olau
Holaulani (Kauaohalaulani), 16th Chiefess of Ko'olau
Ipuwai-o-Hoalani, 19th Chiefess of Ko'olau Liliʻuokalani Legendary and mythological monarchs [ edit ] Women written in italics in the list of Kuba Kingdom rulers:[ 179]
Lobamba
Gokare
Sanga Motunu
Pelama Pena
Boeke
Sanga Lenga
Bosh Akama
Kele Kama
Bolueme Nitocris of the Sixth Dynasty – Nitocris is mentioned within Herodotus ' book Histories Charoba – A queen mentioned in a history of Egypt written by 12th-century Arab writer Murtada ibn al-'Afif .[ 180]
Daluka of the Soleyman Dynasty – An Antediluvian monarch from medieval Coptic and Arabic texts who supposedly built a wall around Egypt to protect the country from invasion and also was said to have built a pyramid and a nilometer at Memphis . Sometimes claimed to be a cousin of Charoba and her immediate successor.[ 180] Borsa of the Soleyman Dynasty – Mentioned in medieval Coptic and Arabic texts as a ruler of Egypt in the Antediluvian era.[ 181] [ 180] The following names all come from a regnal list written in 1922, which is partially based on native traditions and older regnal lists, but also contains additional names of Coptic and Nubian origin, the latter due to its association with the word "Aethiopia Ethiopian calendar .[ 182]
Borsa (reigned 4321–4254 BC) – Originated from Coptic tradition.[ 181]
Eylouka (reigned 3776–3731 BC) – Originated from Coptic tradition.[ 181] Nehasset Nais (reigned 2434–2404 BC)
Kasiyope (reigned 1890–1871 BC) – Originated from Greek mythology .Mumazes (reigned 1675–1671 BC) – Daughter of king Bonu I.[ 183]
Aruas (reigned 1671 BC) – Daughter of Mumazes.[ 182]
Helena (reigned 1358–1347 BC)
Makeda (reigned 1013–982 BC) – The Biblical queen of Sheba in Ethiopian tradition and mother of Menelik I . She succeeded to the throne after the death of her father king Kawnasya.[ 184] Nicauta Kandake I (reigned 740–730 BC)
Hadina (reigned 372–362 BC) – Most regnal lists of Ethiopia claim this monarch reigned for 9 years.[ 185]
Nikawla Kandake II (reigned 342–332 BC) – An alternate name for the Queen of Sheba [ 186]
Akawsis Kandake III (reigned 325–315 BC)
Nikosis Kandake IV (reigned 242–232 BC)
Awsena (reigned 99–88 BC) – Most regnal lists of Ethiopia claim this monarch reigned for 1 year.[ 185]
Nicotnis Kandake V (reigned 35–25 BC)
Garsemot Kandake VI (reigned 40–50 AD) – Supposedly the Kandake Ethiopian Eunuch .[ 182]
Wakana (reigned 230 AD) – Reigned for 2 days.[ 182]
Ahywa Sofya (reigned 299–332 AD) – Likely based on Sofya of Axum , mother of Ezana .
Adhana I (reigned 369–374 AD) – Some regnal lists of Ethiopia claim this monarch reigned for 14 years.[ 187]
Adhana II (reigned 412–418 AD) – Some regnal lists claim this monarch co-ruled with king Abreha III.[ 187] Gudit (reigned c. 960 – c. 1000 )Lady Saso , honorary queen regnant of Silla Queen of Jeoknyeo-guk – Talhae 's mother was the princess of Jeoknyeo-guk (Korean : 적녀국 Hanja : 積女國 [ 192]
Queen of Tamna – she is mentioned in the legend of Mountain Shrine and Lady Shring in the Bongnae Mountain (봉래산 산제당과 아씨당)[ 193]
Hongranyeo (Korean : 홍라녀 Hanja : 紅羅女 Yeowangjwagangsanhyeong (Korean : 여왕좌강산형 Hanja : 女王坐江山型 Balhae [ 194] Dido (reigned 814–c. 760 BC ) – also known as Alyssa . Founder of Carthage , according to tradition
Monarch
Portrait
Office
State
Start of reign
End of reign
Length
Ref.
Kudidi [ ai] –
Empress
Chwezi Empire
950
990
40 years
[ 68]
Nyakahongerwa
–
Empress
1000
1025
25 years
Kogyere I Rusija-Miryango
–
Empress
1075
1085
40 years
1090
1120
Kogyere II
–
Empress
1120
1130
10 years
Njunaki Kamaranga
–
Empress
1250
1280
30 years
Self-proclaimed monarchs [ edit ] Trinidad and Tobago [ edit ] The list of Carib Queens were:
United States of America [ edit ] Bǐtóngqián [zh ] (Chinese : 比铜钳 ), female chieftain of the Shāohé (燒何) tribe of the Ancient Qiang (reigned c. 57 )Lady Xian ,[ 211] [ 212] Lǐ people [zh ] (俚人), an ancestral group associated with the later Lí people (黎族)Huang Shi (Chinese : 黃氏 ), female chieftain of the Lí people (黎族) (reigned ?–1181)[ 213]
Wang Erniang (Chinese : 王二娘 ), female chieftain of the Lí people (黎族) (reigned 1181–1216)[ 213]
Wu Shi (Chinese : 吳氏 ), female chieftain of the Lí people (黎族) (reigned 1216–?)[ 213]
Chogi (Korean : 초기 Hanja : 椒箕 만차 蔓遮 Jianzhou Jurchens (reigned c. 1596 )[ 214] [ 215]
Ziji Drolma (Tibetan : གཟི་བརྗིད་སྒྲོལ་མ། , Wylie : Gzi brjid sgrol ma Chinese : 斯吉卓玛 ), Golok Queen of the Hongmaocang (红毛仓) tribe of the Golok people (reigned c. 1893 – c. 1917)[ 216] [ 217] Lude (Tibetan : ཀླུ་སྡེས། , Wylie : Klu sdes Chinese : 鲁德 ), Golok Queen of the Hongmaocang (红毛仓) tribe of the Golok people (reigned c. 1917–1933/35)[ 216] [ 217]
Maliya Suo [zh ] , the last female chieftain of the Aoluguya tribe of the Evenki people (reigned ?–2022)Diso Obo Warqe, ruler of the Nonno Jebat[ 221] Chamsi az-Ziwawiya, caïda Rif region (reigned c. 1337)[ 231] [ 232]
Rqia bent Hadidou, caïda Rif region (reigned c. 1880s)[ 231] [ 233] Abibatu Mogaji , Ìyál'ọ́jà of Lagos Abiola Dosunmu , Erelu Kuti of Lagos Agbani Darego , Oloye of Lagos Ahebi Ugbabe , Eze of Enugu-Ezike Alaba Lawson , Iyalode of Yorubaland Aminatu Abiodun , Iyalode of Ibadan Efunroye Tinubu , Iyalode of Egbaland Efunsetan Aniwura , Iyalode of Ibadan Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti , Oloye of Yorubaland Laduntan Oyekanmi , Iyalode of Ibadan Wuraola Esan , Iyalode of Ibadan Koloka of Naara[ 235] [ 236] Therese Ntare VI of Heru[ 247] The female chiefs, Murogo and her female descendants, worked for the Ankole kings for several generation in the Ibanda area.[ 248]
Murogo of Ibanda (reigned in the early 19th century)[ 249]
Nyabuzana of Ibanda (reigned in the mid-19th century)[ 249]
Kishokye of Ibanda (reigned ?–1903)[ 249]
Julia Kibubura of Ibanda (reigned 1903–1926)[ 249] United States of America [ edit ] Rani Bhawani , zamindar of Midnapore Raj Rani Shiromani , zamindar of Midnapore Raj Rani Rashmoni , zamindar of Janbazar Mangaleswari Nachiyar [ta ] , zamindar of Ramnad estate Rani Muthu Virai Nachiyar [ta ] , zamindar of Ramnad estate Parvatha Vardhani Ammal Nachchiyar , zamindar of Ramnad estate Kathama Nachiar , zamindar of Sivaganga estate Anna Purna, zamindar of Pal Lahara State [ 252]
Chellamma, zamindar of Avuku [ 253]
Rani Dhwaja Moni Devi, zamindar of Bishnupur (reigned 1885–1889)[ 254]
^ She reigned until 1502, but titled herself queen only until 1477.
^ a b c The title of "King/Queen of the Canary Islands" was included in the list of titles and honours of the Spanish Crown .
^ As regent; declared Pharaoh between Year 2 and 7 of her regency.[ 4]
^ a b c d Many of the Ptolemaic kings co-ruled with their queens. However, Arsinoe II , Berenice II , Arsinoe III and Cleopatra I are considered monarchs by Sally-Ann Ashton, but not by Tara Sewell-Lasater.[ 5] [ 6]
^ a b Cleopatra V and Cleopatra VI are most likely the same person.
^ She is the queen buried in Bar. 8. Her name is unknown.
^ a b c d She also had the title of Queen of Ndongo, but in title only, as the Kingdom of Ndongo was destroyed in the Battle of Pungo Andongo in 1671.
^ Canada became a dominion by the Canadian Confederation in 1867.
^ She was the only female to hold the position of Chiten no Kimi (治天の君 , exercising cloistered rule while reigning alongside the Emperor.
^ She was the wife and co-ruler of Ajayaraja II .
^ It is not her name, but it means "Queen of Iskandar Syah". Her name is unknown.
^ She was an autonomous ruler. The Duchy of Sumenep [id ] , which was originally under the Mataram Sultanate , fell into the hands of the Dutch East India Company in 1705 and became an autonomous state.
^ In 1284, Kertanegara attacked Bali and captured the queen of Bali. Her name is unknown.
^ She ruled as a vassal queen under Burmese rule.
^ a b c She ruled as a satrap under Persia, but was also an autonomous queen.
^ She ruled as a sub-satrap under Persia, but was also an autonomous tyrant .
^ The Principality of Antioch was an autonomous state.[ 159]
^ Hudavend Hatun, daughter of Kilij Arslan IV and widow of Arghun , was granted governance over Tokat and Niğde by the Ilkhanate , ruling as queen from 1292 until her death in 1332, and was buried in the Hudavend Hatun Turbe .[ 161]
^ a b She was crowned with the title of rex ("king").
^ She was also the titular Queen of Dalmatia , but at the time, it was actually under Venetian rule .
^ She was the sister and co-ruler of Senekerim [ru ] .
^ She was also the suzerain of Zakarid Armenia , an Armenian state, and the Kingdom of Shirvan , an Azerbaijani state.
^ Following the death of her husband Prince Hasan I Dopian [ru ] , Princess Dop became the ruler, leading her descendants to adopt her name and style themselves as Dopians [ru ] .
^ a b c With the fall of the Serbian Empire after 1355, for a period Albania were ruled by local chieftains. In the 14th and 15th centuries Ottoman Empire conquered the sovereign Albanian principalities .[ 172]
^ a b The Latin Empire was disestablished in 1261, but Latin states in Greece , also known as Frankokratia , continued to recognize Latin emperors in exile as their overlords until 1383.
^ a b She was an autonomous ruler. Two Byzantine empresses reigned with autonomy in Thessalonica .
^ She built up her own autonomous principality.[ 173]
^ She was also a titular Judge of Gallura in 1308–1339. The Republic of Pisa 's possession of the Judicate of Gallura became definitive in 1308.
^ a b She was de facto Napoleon 's puppet ruler , but de jure
^ a b She reigned as an independent duchess. The Italian duchies, restored by the Congress of Vienna , became fully sovereign, because the Holy Roman Empire 's Kingdom of Italy was not restored.
^ She reigned as an independent monarch only during her second reign. She also reigned in 1790–1796, but was not fully sovereign at that time, as the Holy Roman Empire 's Kingdom of Italy existed.
^ Transylvania, as an Ottoman tributary state , enjoyed autonomy.[ 175]
^ Habsburg-ruled Transylvania, according to the Diploma Leopoldinum
^ Australia became a dominion by the Federation of Australia in 1901.
^ She is known to Ethiopians as Gudit .[ 200]
^ "El linaje español más antiguo en Canarias :: Revista de historia" . mdc.ulpgc.es . Archived from the original on 2022-09-27.^ Tyldesley, Joyce. Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt . pp. 26– 29, 33– 34, 52– 53. ^ Shaw, Ian, ed. (2003). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt ISBN 978-0-19-815034-3 ^ Cooney, Kara (2018). When Women Ruled the World: Six Queensof Egypt . National Geographic. p. 131. ISBN 978-1-4262-1977-1 ^ Ashton, Sally-Ann (2014-09-19). The Last Queens of Egypt: Cleopatra's Royal House 112– 113. ISBN 978-1-317-86873-6 ^ Sewell-Lasater, Tara (2020). "Becoming Kleopatra: Ptolemaic Royal Marriage, Incest, and the Path to Female Rule" . University of Houston : 16. ^ Bennett, Chris. "Arsinoe II" . Egyptian Royal Genealogy . ^ Stanwick, Paul Edmund (22 July 2010). Portraits of the Ptolemies: Greek Kings as Egyptian Pharaohs ISBN 9780292787476 ^ Chrystal, Paul (2017-02-28). Women at War in the Classical World ISBN 978-1-4738-5661-5 Arsinoe III was Queen of Egypt from 220–204 BCE, ^ Chris Bennett. "Cleopatra I" . Tyndale House. Retrieved December 21, 2023 . ^ Cleopatra II Archived 23 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine by Chris Bennett^ Cleopatra III Archived 5 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine by Chris Bennett^ Berenice III Archived 5 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine by Chris Bennett^ Cleopatra V Archived 26 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine by Chris Bennett^ Tyldesley, Joyce (2006), Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt 200 , ISBN 0-500-05145-3 ^ Tyldesley, Joyce (2019). The Pharaohs . London: Quercus. p. 209. ISBN 978-1-78747-900-5 ^ Tyldesley, Joyce (2009). Cleopatra: Last Queen of Egypt . Profile Books. pp. 61– 62, 252 (e-book ed.). ISBN 978-1861979018 ^ Arsinoe IV Archived 26 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine by Chris Bennett^ Bryce, Trevor (2014). Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History . Oxford University Press. p. 304. ISBN 978-0-19-100292-2 ^ Droa-Krupe, Kerstin; Fink, Sebastian (2021). Powerful Women in the Ancient World: Perception and (Self)Presentation 308– 316. ISBN 978-3-96327-139-7 ^ Kuckertz, Josefine (2021). "Meroe and Egypt" . UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology : 5. ^ a b Török, László (2015). The Kingdom of Kush: Handbook of the Napatan-Meroitic Civilization ISBN 978-90-04-29401-1 ^ Kuckertz, Josefine (2021). "Meroe and Egypt" . UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology : 6. ^ Adam Simmons, 'A Short Note on Queen Gaua: A New Last Known Ruler of Dotawo (r. around 1520–6)?', Dotawo: A Journal of Nubian Studies (2023), doi :10.5070/D60060625 .
^ Stewart, John (2024-10-18). African States and Rulers ISBN 978-1-4766-1707-7 ^ "Kings of the Ga state" . GaDangme Heritage & Cultural Foundation . Retrieved 2024-11-26 .^ Stewart, John (1989). African States and Rulers . London: McFarland. p. 8. ISBN 0-89950-390-X ^ Havik, Philip J. (2004). Silences and Soundbites: The Gendered Dynamics of Trade and Brokerage in the Pre-colonial Guinea Bissau Region ISBN 978-3-8258-7709-5 ^ Henry, Christine (1994). Les îles où dansent les enfants défunts. Âge, sexe et pouvoir chez les Bijogo de Guinée-Bissau ISBN 978-2-7351-1682-9 ^ a b Basil Davidson (2014). West Africa Before the Colonial Era: A History to 1850 ISBN 978-1-317-88265-7 ^ Dunn, Elwood D.; Beyan, Amos J.; Burrowes, Carl Patrick (2000-12-20). Historical Dictionary of Liberia ISBN 978-1-4616-5931-0 ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Arnado Debbo: Adamawa Community Where Only Women Can Rule" . Daily Trust . Retrieved 2026-02-23 .^ Palmer, H. R (1908). Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland . Vol. 1908. ^ Stewart, John (2006). African States and Rulers (3rd ed.). London: McFarland & Co. p. 71. ISBN 9780786425624 ^ Achebe, Nwando; Robertson, Claire, eds. (2019-04-16). Holding the World Together: African Women in Changing Perspective ISBN 978-0-299-32110-9 ^ a b Emmanuel, Olu (2021-09-17). "The kingdom in Northern Nigeria that can only be ruled by a woman" . National Daily . Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 2024-12-16 . ^ Abubakr, Sa'ad (1992). "Queen Amina of Zaria" . In Awe, Bolanle (ed.). Nigerian Women in Historical Perspective . Sankore Publishers; Bookcraft. p. 14. It has even been suggested in one account that Amina was also succeeded by her sister, Zaria. ^ a b Bell, Stéphane, ed. (2008). La recherche scientifique et le développement en Afrique: idées nomades ISBN 978-2-8111-0005-6 ^ a b Diedhiou, Samuel (5 September 2011). "Sibet Diedhiou, reine des Floup" . au-senegal.com (in French). Retrieved 2025-06-11 . ^ a b Baum, Robert M. (2015-11-09). West Africa's Women of God: Alinesitoué and the Diola Prophetic Tradition 84– 85, 114– 116. ISBN 978-0-253-01791-8 ^ Stewart, John (2006). African States and Rulers ISBN 978-0-7864-2562-4 ^ a b Shillington, Kevin , ed. (2005). Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set ISBN 978-1-135-45670-2 ^ a b c d "Origem do título Nyakatolo segundo Francisco Chiwende" . TV Zimbo . Retrieved 2024-12-16 .^ "Entronização da Rainha "Nhakatolo" marca 10.º Festival Internacional do Povo Luvale" . 4 de fevereiro (in Portuguese). 2024-09-10. Retrieved 2026-03-07 .^ a b "Bui History" . Bui Family Union - USA . Retrieved 2025-12-28 .^ "Qui était Ngoungoure, la princesse qui régna pendant 30 min à la tête de la dynastie Bamoun?" . Le bled parle [fr ] . Retrieved 2025-02-28 .^ Sheldon, Kathleen (2016). Historical Dictionary of Women in Sub-Saharan Africa ISBN 978-1-4422-6293-5 ^ a b c d Stewart, John (2006). African States and Rulers (third ed.). London: McFarland. pp. 19– 20. ISBN 0-7864-2562-8 ^ Walker, Iain Bruce (2019). Islands in a Cosmopolitan Sea: A History of the Comoros 71– 72. ISBN 978-0-19-007130-1 ^ a b c d e "Njazidja (Grande Comore), French Comoros, Comoro Islands (Comoros) Coins and Rulers" . www.chiefacoins.com . Retrieved 2025-05-17 .^ Tolmacheva, Marina, ed. (2012-01-01). The Pate Chronicle 53– 57. ISBN 978-1-60917-302-9 ^ Tolmacheva, Marina, ed. (2012-01-01). The Pate Chronicle ISBN 978-1-60917-302-9 ^ a b c d e Truhart, Peter [in German] (2017-10-23). Regents of Nations / Regenten der Nationen, Part 2, Asia, Australia-Oceania / Asien, Australien-Ozeanien 1627– 1628. ISBN 978-3-11-161625-4 ^ Chapus, Georges-Sully; Dandouau, André (1952-01-01). Histoire des populations de Madagascar ISBN 978-2-402-66293-2 ^ Campbell, Gwyn (2005-03-14). An Economic History of Imperial Madagascar, 1750–1895: The Rise and Fall of an Island Empire ISBN 978-0-521-83935-8 ^ a b c Sharp, Lesley A. (2002-09-03). The Sacrificed Generation: Youth, History, and the Colonized Mind in Madagascar ISBN 978-0-520-22951-8 ^ a b KARIMBHAY, Tamim (2010-10-08). Nosy-Bé : Âme malgache, Coeur français 88– 89. ISBN 978-2-9533865-4-7 ^ Newitt, Malyn (1972). "The Early History of the Sultanate of Angoche" The Journal of African History 13 (3): 403. doi :10.1017/S0021853700011713 . JSTOR 180586 . ^ African Society (1926). Journal of the African Society ^ Stewart, John (2006). African States and Rulers . London: McFarland. p. 123. ISBN 0-7864-2562-8 ^ Evans-Pritchard, E. E. (2011). "The divine kingship of the Shilluk of the Nilotic Sudan" HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory . 1 : 407– 422. doi :10.14318/hau1.1.016 . S2CID 162247139 . ^ McIntyre, Chris; McIntyre, Susan (2009). Zanzibar ISBN 978-1-84162-254-5 ^ Ingrams, W. H. (2020-10-28). Zanzibar: The Island Metropolis of Eastern Africa ISBN 978-1-000-10174-4 ^ a b c d Acquaviva, Graziella (2019). "More than just warriors: Mythical and archetypal images of the hero in Swahili literature" . Kervan. International Journal of Afro-Asiatic Studies : 17. ^ a b c Ingrams, W. H. (2020-10-28). Zanzibar: The Island Metropolis of Eastern Africa ISBN 978-1-000-10174-4 ^ a b c d Yahya-Othman, Saïda (2010). Des femmes écrivent l'Afrique: L'Afrique de l'Est ISBN 978-2-8111-0410-8 ^ Stewart, John (2024-10-18). African States and Rulers ISBN 978-1-4766-1707-7 ^ a b c d e "Busongora Kinglist" . Busongora-Chwezi Kingdom . Retrieved 2024-01-14 .^ Sheldon, Kathleen (2017-04-24). African Women: Early History to the 21st Century 56– 57. ISBN 978-0-253-02731-3 ^ Dierks, Klaus . "THE PERIOD OF THE EXPLORERS, HUNTERS AND TRADERS" . klausdierks.com.^ a b c d e f g h Dierks, Klaus . "Traditional Leaders in the History of Namibia" . klausdierks.com.^ Cloete, Luqman (2011-09-26). "Late Bondelswart chief buried" . The Namibian . Retrieved 2025-01-04 . ^ "Shambyu leader Queen Ribebe has died" . The Namibian . 2015-06-15. Retrieved 2023-12-22 .^ "Hompa Sofia Mundjembwe Kanyetu Coronated" . nbc . Retrieved 2023-12-22 .^ "Litunga(s) la Mboela - Litunga(s) of the south - (also referred to as Malena a Nalolo)" . www.barotseland.net . Retrieved 2026-01-04 .^ Thorsberg, Christian (29 October 2025). "Archaeologists Decipher Crumbling Hieroglyphs to Reveal the Name of a Forgotten Maya Queen Who Ruled 1,400 Years Ago" . Smithsonian Magazine . Retrieved 6 November 2025 . ^ Shaw, Garry (2020-07-23). "Decoded Maya hieroglyphs reveal the name of powerful woman ruler: 'Lady Yopaat' . The Art Newspaper . Retrieved 2026-02-21 . ^ Nelson, Sarah Milledge , ed. (2003-06-05). Ancient Queens: Archaeological Explorations 143– 146. ISBN 978-0-7591-1617-7 ^ "The life, death, and afterlife of an ancient Maya king: A study of Pusilha Ruler G" . Contributions in New World Archaeology : 269. 2016.^ Baron, Joanne (2017). "The Mystery Queen of La Florida-Namaan" . Expedition Magazine . Vol. 59, no. 2. ^ 권, 혜진 (2017-07-05). "계란형 얼굴에 구릿빛 피부…1천700년 전 페루 여왕 얼굴 복원" . 연합뉴스 . Retrieved 2024-01-13 . ^ Jay, Jennifer W. (1996). "Imagining Matriarchy: "Kingdoms of Women" in Tang China" . Journal of the American Oriental Society . 116 (2): 220– 229. doi :10.2307/605697 . ISSN 0003-0279 . JSTOR 605697 . ^ Book of Sui, vol. 83 ^ a b Fan, Wenlan (1994). Zhongguo tong shi ISBN 978-7-01-002029-7 ^ a b c d Old Book of Tang, vol. 197 ^ Fan Chuo , Manshu , vol. 4^ 張昆晟博士演講「天德格．地德格：地方視野下的藏族宗派發展與政治」紀要 中央研究院明清研究推動委員會 . Retrieved 2026-01-04 .^ Dorje, Sonam (March 2016). "Derge Queen Yangchen Drolma" . The Treasury of Lives: Biographies of Himalayan Religious Masters . Retrieved 2026-01-04 . ^ Association of the Buddha Jayanti (1959). Japan and Buddhism ^ Yoshie, Akiko; Tonomura, Hitomi; Takata, Azumi Ann (2013). 'Gendered Interpretations of Female Rule: The Case of Himiko, Ruler of Yamatai". US-Japan Women's Journal , 44(1), p. 13. doi :10.1353/jwj.2013.0009
^ Brown, Delmer et al. (1979). Gukanshō , pp. 263–264; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki, pp. 126–129; Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon, pp. 39–42. , p. 39, at Google Books
^ Brown, Delmer et al. (1979). Gokanshō , p. 265–267; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki . p. 130–134; Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon, pp. 43–54. , p. 43, at Google Books
^ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon, p. 59. , p. 59, at Google Books
^ Titsingh, Isaac . (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon, pp. 63–65 , p. 63, at Google Books ; Brown, Delmer M. (1979). Gukanshō , p. 271; Varley, H. Paul . (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki . p. 140.^ Brown, Delmer et al. (1979). Gukanshō , pp. 271–272; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki . pp. 140–141; Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon, pp. 65–67. , p. 65, at Google Books
^ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon , pp. 411–412.
^ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon , pp. 419–420.
^ Altekar, A. S. (2025-10-27) [2008]. "Coinage of North India". In Sharma, R. S.; Shrimali, K. M. (eds.). A Comprehensive History of India, Vol. IV, Part 2 ISBN 978-90-04-75304-4 Ajayadeva's queen Somalladevi was one of the few Indian queens who issued her own coinage. According to the Pṛithvīrājavijaya , like her husband, she issued coins everyday. This indicates that she issued her coins not as a dowager queen or regent but as a regnant queen, her husband having permitted her to do so in his own lifetime. ^ Singh, Harbans (ed.). The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism: A-D ^ a b Arihant Experts (4 June 2019). Know Your State Odisha ISBN 978-9313193272 Next female rulers were Tribhuvana Mahadevi II (890-896AD) and Tribhuvana Mahadevi III (896-905AD). ^ Upendra Thakur (1956). History of Mithila 320– 322. ^ Jha, Makhan (1997). Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective ISBN 978-81-7533-034-4 ^ a b O'malley, L. S. S. (2007) [1909]. Bengal District Gazetteer : Sambalpur 26– 28. ISBN 978-81-7268-139-5 ^ a b c Devi, Yashoda (1993). "The Kotas (A.D. 1100-1270)". The History of Andhra Country, 1000 A.D.-1500 A.D. 170– 172. ISBN 978-81-212-0438-5 ^ Jyotsna Kamat (2010-05-07). "Queen of Gersoppa: Chennabhairadevi, Brave Ruler of Gersoppa (1552–1606 C.E)" . Kamatpotporri. Retrieved 2010-05-25 . ^ The Imperial Gazetteer of India 15 .^ a b c d Raghunandan, Lakshmi (1995). "Historical position of the Senior Rani of Travancore as Rani of Attingal" . At the Turn of the Tide: The Life and Times of Maharani Setu Lakshmi Bayi, the Last Queen of Travancore . Maharani Setu Lakshmi Bayi Memorial Charitable Trust. pp. 449– 459. ^ M. O. Koshy (1989). The Dutch Power in Kerala, 1729–1758 ISBN 978-81-7099-136-6 ^ Menon, A. Sreedhara , ed. (1962). Kerala District Gazetteers: Trivandrum ^ M. O. Koshy (1989). The Dutch Power in Kerala, 1729–1758 ISBN 978-81-7099-136-6 ^ M. O. Koshy (1989). The Dutch Power in Kerala, 1729–1758 ISBN 978-81-7099-136-6 ^ The Begums of Bhopal: A Dynasty of Women Rulers in Raj India, by Shahraryar M. Khan. Published by I. B.Tauris, 2000. ISBN 1-86064-528-3
^ UNESCO (2003). Adle, Chahryar; Habib, Irfan; Baipakov, Karl M. (eds.). History of civilizations of Central Asia ISBN 92-3-103876-1 ^ Khan, Shah Rais (1987). Dani, Ahmad Hasan (ed.). Shah Rais Khan's History of Gilgit (PDF) . Quaid-i-Azam University. p. 33. ISBN 978-9937871914 ^ Siddiqui, Dr. Habibullah. "The Soomras of Sindh: their origin, main characteristics and rule" (PDF) . Literary Conference on Soomra Period in Sindh . ^ "Bentan, Negeri Para Laksamana" . jantungmelayu.co (in Indonesian). 2020-07-19. Retrieved 2024-12-09 .^ Nuraida Fitri Habi. Hukum waris dan keadilan gender dalam Seloko adat Jambi pada hukum pucuk induk undang nan limo ISBN 978-623-5257-54-9 ^ Tan Yeok Seong (2005). "Chinese Element in the Islamization of Southeast Asia: A Study of the Story of Njai Gede Pinatih, the Great Lady of Gresik". In Leo Suryadinata (ed.). Admiral Zheng He and Southeast Asia 58– 71. ISBN 978-981-230-329-5 ^ a b Kurnia, S.; Permana, Z.; Soares, G. V.; Nasri, D. (July 2025). "Reinterpretasi Kaba Cindua Mato dalam Perspektif Kitab Salasilah Raja-raja di Minangkabau" . Tambo: Journal of Manuscript and Oral Tradition . 3 (1): 29– 48. doi :10.55981/tambo.2025.10346 . ^ Redaksi Mamira (2021-06-25). "Asmara Berujung Prahara: Kisah Cinta Patih kepada Ratu Tirtanegara" . MAMIRA.ID (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2025-07-21 . ^ Anang Basso (2021-01-09). Heryanto (ed.). "Mencari Jejak Dyah Tulodong: Ratu Sakti Asal Tulungagung yang Kalahkan Raja Erlangga" . Malang Times (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2026-01-29 . ^ Erick Disy Darmawan (2025-02-04). "Legenda Nyi Rambut Kasih hingga Terbentuknya Kabupaten Majalengka" . detikjabar (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2026-01-30 . ^ John Norman Miksic; Goh Geok Yian (2016-10-14). Ancient Southeast Asia ISBN 978-1-317-27904-4 ^ a b Hägerdal, Hans (2012-01-01). Lords of the Land, Lords of the Sea: Conflict and Adaptation in Early Colonial Timor, 1600–1800 234– 236, 422. ISBN 978-90-04-25350-6 ^ Hägerdal, Hans (2012-01-01). Lords of the Land, Lords of the Sea: Conflict and Adaptation in Early Colonial Timor, 1600–1800 205– 206. ISBN 978-90-04-25350-6 ^ a b Niner, Sara, ed. (2016-08-05). Women and the Politics of Gender in Post-Conflict Timor-Leste: Between Heaven and Earth 24– 25, 27– 28, 41. ISBN 978-1-317-32789-9 ^ Hägerdal, Hans (2017). Held's History of Sumbawa: An Annotated Translation ^ a b "Sultan-Sultan Sumbawa" . Ensiklopedia Sumbawa . Archived from the original on 2019-05-18. Retrieved 2024-06-14 .^ H. M. Tahir. Ida Suryani Wijaya (ed.). Sejarah Dakwah Islam di Kalimantan (Studi Pendekatan dan Jaringan) ISBN 978-623-8006-41-0 ^ Saefullah, Asep (2012). "Inskripsi pada Kompleks Makam Raja-raja Mempawah, Kalimantan Barat" . SUHUF . 5 (1): 78– 79. doi :10.22548/shf.v5i1.51 . ISSN 2548-6942 . ^ "Sejarah" . Humas Kabupaten Paser (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2026-01-29 .^ a b c d Hägerdal, Hans (2023-02-01), "Tanah Bumbu", Kerajaan2 Indonesia , retrieved 2026-02-07 ^ Herry Porda Nugroho Putro; M. Zaenal Arifin Anis; Mansyur (2017). The lost city: menelusuri jejak Nyai Undang dari Kuta Bataguh dalam memori suku Dayak Ngaju ISBN 978-602-258-436-0 ^ Eva Apriani; Siti Sulistyani Pamuji (2024). Sastra Lisan Tidung: Menelusuri Sastra Lisan Tidung sebagai Pemertahanan Budaya ISBN 978-623-183-813-1 ^ a b O'Connor, Sue; McWilliam, Andrew; Brockwell, Sally, eds. (2020-09-07). Forts and Fortification in Wallacea: Archaeological and Ethnohistoric Investigations ISBN 978-1-76046-389-2 ^ a b Mustamin, Fiam (2020-12-02). "Di manakah Perempuan Tanah Bugis yang Patriotik Pemberani dan Malebbi Itu" . PINISI.co.id . Retrieved 2024-11-29 . ^ a b c d e f Omar, Rahilah (2003-11-01). The history of Boné A.D. 1775–1795: the diary of Sultan Ahmad as-Salleh Syamsuddin ^ a b c d e f "Inilah Sosok Perempuan yang Menjadi Datu di Kerajaan Luwu" (in Indonesian). INDEKS MEDIA. 2023-05-10. Retrieved 2024-11-05 .^ Monumen Islam di Sulawesi Selatan ^ a b c d e f Noor, Arba’iyah Mohd (2017-12-07). Sumbu Dunia Melayu: Hubungan Keserumpunan Malaysia-Indonesia ISBN 978-983-100-971-0 ^ Mattalatta, Andi (2003). Meniti siri dan harga diri: catatan dan kenangan ISBN 978-979-97305-0-3 ^ Abd. Muttalib M. (1981). Taman purbakala Jera Lompoe ^ Hägerdal, Hans (2023-02-01), "Bungku", Kerajaan2 Indonesia , retrieved 2026-02-07 ^ Sejarah Kebangkitan Nasional Daerah Sulawesi Tenggara 4– 5, 29.^ Crawfurd, John (1820). History of the Indian Archipelago 74– 75.^ Iverdixon Tinungki (2019-07-05). Ady Putong (ed.). "Daftar Raja-raja Kerajaan Tagulandang 1570–1942" . Barta1.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2026-02-02 . ^ Singer, Noel F. (2008). Vaishali and the Indianization of Arakan 49– 50. ISBN 978-81-313-0405-1 ^ James George Scott ; John Percy Hardiman (1901). Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan States, Part 2, Volume 2 He was succeeded in 1012 B.E. (1650) by his younger brother, Sao Ne Ya, who reigned for thirty years. He left no children and was succeeded by his wife, who held the State for three years and then died. ^ James George Scott ; John Percy Hardiman (1901). Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan States, Part 2, Volume 2 Hkun Hkawt, a brother of Hkun Lek, was appointed Sawbwa , but died in four years. In 1228 B.E. (1866), therefore, his youngest sister, one of the Queens, was appointed to the charge of Lai Hka with the title of Myoza. She appointed myooks and myo-teins to govern the State for her. This continued for two years and then the former Sawbwa , Hkun Mawng, now become a youth, was appointed to the State. ^ James George Scott (1967). "Hsenwi State Chronicle" (PDF) . The Guardian ^ Memoranda On Native States In Indian, 1910 ^ a b James George Scott ; John Percy Hardiman (1901). Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan States, Part 2, Volume 2 ^ Majul, Cesar Adib. "An Analysis of the "Genealogy of Sulu" . Asian Studies: Journal of Critical Perspectives : 15. ^ a b c d Amirell, Stefan (2011). "The Blessings and Perils of Female Rule: New Perspectives on the Reigning Queens of Patani, c. 1584–1718" . Journal of Southeast Asian Studies . 42 (2): 303– 323. doi :10.1017/S0022463411000063 . S2CID 143695148 . ^ Hägerdal, Hans (2007). "Rebellions or factionalism? Timorese forms of resistance in an early colonial context, 1650–1769" . Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde . 163 (1): 8. ISSN 0006-2294 . JSTOR 27868341 . ^ a b c Niner, Sara, ed. (2016-08-05). Women and the Politics of Gender in Post-Conflict Timor-Leste: Between Heaven and Earth ISBN 978-1-317-32789-9 ^ Siegel-Itzkovic, Judy (2009-04-16). "Have archeologists found the only female ruler of ancient Canaan?" . The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved 2023-06-04 . ^ Briffault, Robert (1927). The Mothers: A Study of the Origins of Sentiments and Institutions The Macmillan Company . p. 375.^ a b Hamilton, Bernard (2005-07-07). The Leper King and His Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem ISBN 978-0-521-01747-3 ^ a b Leichty, Erle (2011-06-23). The Royal Inscriptions of Esarhaddon, King of Assyria (680–669 BC) 20– 21. ISBN 978-1-57506-646-2 ^ a b Çelik, Cahit (2024). "Anadolu Selçuklu Devletinde Güçlü Bir Kadın: Hüdavend Hatun" (PDF) . Türk İdare Dergisi (in Turkish): 69– 95. ^ Book of Han, vol. 61 ^ Mair, Victor H. , ed. (1998). The Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Peoples of Eastern Central Asia ISBN 978-0-941694-63-6 Among the Greater Yuezhi it appears that a lady was appointed to be the ruling queen on at least one occasion. 'Zhang Qian zhuan' 張騫傳 (Biography of Zhang Qian) in the History of the Han records that after the king of the Greater Yuezhi was killed by the Xiongnu, his wife was appointed to be the queen. ^ "Сенекерим" . Soviet Historical Encyclopedia ^ Chorbajian, Levon; Donabédian, Patrick; Mutafian, Claude (1994). The Caucasian Knot: The History & Geopolitics of Nagorno-Karabagh ISBN 978-1-85649-288-1 ^ Nicholson, Oliver (19 April 2018). The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity ISBN 978-0-19-256246-3 ^ public domain : Rosenthal, Herman (1902). "Bikhakhanim" . In Singer, Isidore ; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia ^ Monter, William (2012-01-24). The Rise of Female Kings in Europe, 1300–1800 ISBN 978-0-300-17327-7 ^ David Williamson (1986). Debrett's kings and queens of Britain ISBN 9780863501012 ^ Williamson, David (2010). Kings & Queens . National Portrait Gallery Publications. p. 95. ISBN 978-1-85514-432-3 ^ Chadwick, Hector Munro (2013-03-28) [1949]. Early Scotland: The Picts, the Scots and the Welsh of Southern Scotland ISBN 978-1-107-69391-3 ^ Koço, Eno (2015-02-27). A Journey of the Vocal Iso(n) ISBN 978-1-4438-7578-3 ^ Nicol, Donald M. (1984). The Despotate of Epiros, 1267–1479: A Contribution to the History of Greece in the Middle Ages . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 134 . ISBN 978-0-521-13089-9 ^ Baker, Julian (2020-10-20). Coinage and Money in Medieval Greece 1200–1430 ISBN 978-90-04-43464-6 ^ Kármán, Gábor, ed. (2020-08-10). Tributaries and Peripheries of the Ottoman Empire ISBN 978-90-04-43060-0 ^ Collins, Roger (30 April 2016). "Queens-Dowager and Queens-Regent in Tenth-Century León and Navarre" . In Parsons, John Carmi (ed.). Medieval Queenship . Springer. p. 89. ISBN 978-1-137-08859-8 ^ Hanson, F. Allan (1974). "Chapitre II. Rapa et l'Histoire". Rapa: Une île polynésienne hier et aujourd'hui 13– 32. ISBN 978-2-85430-103-8 ^ 陈永邺; 洪宜婷 (2017-01-01). 法律起源与国家法的形成：以西南少数民族的神话等文本为例 ISBN 978-7-5201-0691-7 ^ Torday, Emil; Joyce, Thomas Athol (1910). Notes ethnographiques sur les peuples communément appelés Bakuba, ainsi que sur les peuplades apparentées. Les Bushongo 17– 19. ^ a b c Colavito, Jason. "Murtada ibn al-'Afif" . Jason Colavito. ^ a b c Morié, Louis J. (1904). Histoire de L'Éthiopie (Nubie et Abyssinie): Tome Ier – La Nubie 155– 161. {{cite book }}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link )^ a b c d Rey, C. F. (1927). In the Country of the Blue Nile 263– 270. ^ Araia, Ghelawdewos (December 7, 2009). "Brief Chronology of Ethiopian History" . Retrieved 4 September 2022 . ^ Budge, E. A. Wallis (1928). A History of Ethiopia: Nubia and Abyssinia ^ a b Budge, E. A. Wallis (1928). A History of Ethiopia: Nubia and Abyssinia 205– 207. ^ "Nicaula" . Brooklyn Museum . Retrieved 13 November 2022 .^ a b Budge, E. A. Wallis (1928). A History of Ethiopia: Nubia and Abyssinia 259– 261. ^ a b "Salakanagara, Kerajaan (Sunda) Tertua di Nusantara" . Nusantara Institute (in Indonesian). 2019-03-28. Retrieved 2023-07-14 .^ a b Lewis, E. Douglas (2010). The Stranger-Kings of Sikka: With an Integrated Edition of Two Manuscripts on the Origin and History of the Rajadom of Sikka ISBN 978-90-04-25377-3 ^ Falola, Toyin; Oyeniyi, Bukola A. (2015-02-24). Nigeria ISBN 978-1-59884-969-1 ^ a b Nihon Shoki, vol. 7 ^ "적녀국(積女國)" . Encyclopedia of Korean Culture . Retrieved 2024-02-10 .^ "「봉래산 산제당과 아씨당」" . Encyclopedia of Korean Local Culture . Retrieved 2025-01-11 .^ 韓國民俗學 ^ Guaman Poma de Ayala, Felipe (1615?). Nueva Corónica y Buen: Codex péruvien ilustré . pp. 80-82
^ Szemiński, Jan; Ziółkowski, Mariusz (2014). Mity, rytuały i polityka Inków (in Polish) (2nd ed.). PIW. pp. 159– 160. ISBN 978-83-64822-01-8 ^ Burton, Richard Francis (1856). First Footsteps in East Africa: Or, An Explanation of Harar 209– 210.^ Bryce, Trevor (2014-03-06). Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History 295– 296. ISBN 978-0-19-100292-2 ^ Leick, Gwendolyn (1991). A Dictionary of Ancient Near Eastern Mythology ISBN 978-0-415-00762-7 ^ "Basongora & The Shenzi [Zenj] Empire" . Busongora Kingdom . Retrieved 2026-06-23 .^ 馮敏飛 (2016-01-01). 危世圖存 : 中國歷史上的15次中興 ISBN 978-7-5166-2761-7 ^ History of Ming, vol. 316 ^ a b Fischer, Steven R. (2005). Island at the End of the World: The Turbulent History of Easter Island 119– 121. ISBN 978-1-86189-245-4 ^ "Isabel Pallamay" . Mujeres Bonaerenses . Retrieved 2025-12-15 .^ "Juma Xipaia" . ThinkLandscape . Retrieved 2025-04-20 .^ a b "Indigenous women rescue Amazon tribe from extinction" . Daily Sabah . Retrieved 2025-01-02 .^ Tomassoni, Teresa (2019-08-25). "The Amazon's best hope? A female indigenous chief is on a mission to save Brazil's forests" . NBC News . Retrieved 2025-01-02 . ^ "The Woman King and the Kingdom of Okoa" . African Roots and Heritage Foundation . Retrieved 2026-02-23 .^ "Région du Sud : Une femme accède pour la première fois, au trône du groupement Batanga Lohove" . Le bled parle (in French). 2021-12-24. Retrieved 2026-03-07 .^ Cybulski, Jerome S., ed. (2001). Perspectives on Northern Northwest Coast Prehistory ISBN 978-1-77282-154-3 ^ Goodman, David, ed. (2002). China's Provinces in Reform: Class, Community and Political Culture ISBN 978-1-134-71271-7 ^ Witzel, Morgen (2019-12-06). A History of Leadership ISBN 978-1-351-66649-7 Lady Xian, a hereditary chieftain of the Li people in southern China in the sixth century AD, was a powerful figure who suppressed banditry, abolished slavery and defeated an invasion, all in order to protect her people. ^ a b c 潘洪鋼 (2003-11-29). "傳統社會中南方少數民族婦女的社會角色——兼與漢族婦女比較" (PDF) . Twenty-First Century Chinese University of Hong Kong . ^ 王冬芳 (2013). 大清国的由来与去向．王冬芳文集 ISBN 978-7-5097-5320-0 ^ 박정민 (2018). "임진왜란기 조선과 건주여진의 교통로 복원 - 『건주기정도기』를 중심으로-" . 사학연구 (in Korean) (129): 306– 307. ^ a b Horlemann, Bianca (2007). "The Golok of Tibet through Western Eyes: Fascination and Horror". In Engelhardt, Isrun (ed.). Tibet in 1938–1939: Photographs from Ernst Schäfer's Expedition to Tibet 91– 102. ^ a b Horlemann, Bianca (2012). "Tibetans and Muslims in Northwest China: Economic and Political Aspects of a Complex Historical Relationship" . Asian Highlands Perspectives . 21 : 159, 182– 183. ^ A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies, Chapter III: Of the Kingdoms contained in Hispaniola ^ "Cotubanamá" . Diccionario biográfico español . Retrieved 2024-04-26 .^ a b Ochoa, Margarita R.; Guengerich, Sara V., eds. (2021-03-11). Cacicas: The Indigenous Women Leaders of Spanish America, 1492–1825 ISBN 978-0-8061-6999-6 ^ Huntingford, G. W. B. (2017-02-10). The Galla of Ethiopia; The Kingdoms of Kafa and Janjero: North Eastern Africa Part II ISBN 978-1-315-30810-4 ^ a b Chatterjee, Suhas (1995). Mizo Chiefs and the Chiefdom ISBN 81-85880-72-7 ^ Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Belgaum ^ 이, 기환 (2019-10-10). "파리 번데기와 묻힌 40대 여성…그녀는 1500년전 영산강 유역의 지도자였다" . 경향신문 . Retrieved 2024-12-19 . ^ "Tok Temong" . Pejabat DYMM Sultan Perak . Retrieved 2026-02-09 .^ a b c Buyong Adil (1981). "Sejarah Johol". Sejarah Negeri Sembilan (PDF) (in Malay). Kuala Lumpur : Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka . pp. 34– 36.^ Maclellan, Nic (2024-01-02). "MANUSCRIPT XLIII: Petition to the United Nations Trusteeship Council from the Marshallese People, 20 April 1954" The Journal of Pacific History . 59 (1): 106– 112. doi :10.1080/00223344.2023.2285475 . ISSN 0022-3344 . ^ a b McDonagh, Eileen (2009-08-01). The Motherless State: Women's Political Leadership and American Democracy ISBN 978-0-226-51456-7 ^ Johnson, Giff (2010-11-25). "Huge funeral recognizes late Majuro chief" . Marianas Variety News & Views the original on 2011-07-14. Retrieved 2010-11-28 . ^ a b Spindler, David (2009-11-01). "A Twice-Scorned Mongol Woman, the Raid of 1576, and the Building of the Brick Great Wall" (PDF) . Ming Studies . 2009 (60): 66– 94. doi :10.1179/175975909X12589849512419 . ISSN 0147-037X .^ a b Glacier, Osire (2012). "Power and the production of knowledge: the case of Moroccan feminism" (PDF) . Journal of New Media Studies in MENA : 4. ^ Maghribi, Brahim Al (2024-03-23). "CHAMSI AZ-ZIWAWIYYA" . Maroc-Patriotique (in French). Retrieved 2026-03-27 . ^ Maghribi, Brahim Al (2024-03-23). "RQIA BENT HADIDOU" . Maroc-Patriotique (in French). Retrieved 2026-03-27 . ^ "Resolution No. 16-21: Relative to Recognizing Bilung Gloria G. Salii as a Master of Micronesian Traditional Knowledge" (PDF) . Board of Regents, University of Guam. 2016-04-21. Retrieved 2026-02-05 .^ Arthur James Richens Trendell (1891). "The" Colonial Year Book for the Year 1891 ^ Quanchi, Max, ed. (2009-03-26). Photographing Papua: Representation, Colonial Encounters and Imaging in the Public Domain ISBN 978-1-4438-0674-9 ^ Méndez-Méndez, Serafín; Fernández, Ronald (2015-07-14). Puerto Rico Past and Present: An Encyclopedia ISBN 978-1-4408-2832-4 ^ Day, L. (2012-01-02). Gender and Power in Sierra Leone: Women Chiefs of the Last Two Centuries ISBN 978-0-230-33792-3 ^ Paxton, Pamela; Hughes, Melanie M. (2007-03-06). Women, Politics, and Power: A Global Perspective ISBN 978-1-4129-2742-0 ^ a b Fyle, Magbaily C. (2006-03-27). Historical Dictionary of Sierra Leone ISBN 978-0-8108-6504-4 ^ Day, L. (2012-01-02). Gender and Power in Sierra Leone: Women Chiefs of the Last Two Centuries ISBN 978-0-230-33792-3 ^ Ibrahim Alieu Kanu (2018-02-19). "PC, 4 Chiefs Declare For APC In Kenema" . Cocorioko . Retrieved 2026-03-02 . ^ Saunders, Christopher; Limb, Peter (2020-12-15). Historical Dictionary of South Africa ISBN 978-1-5381-3026-1 ^ Peires, Jeffrey B. (1982). The House of Phalo: A History of the Xhosa People in the Days of Their Independence ISBN 978-0-520-04663-4 ^ a b c d e 杜, 曉梅. "女土官蘭雷、冷冷與寶珠──清代臺灣原住民女性人物的書寫與研究" . 臺灣風物 . 67 (3): 23– 54. ^ a b c d e 杜, 曉梅 (August 2017). 清代臺灣原住民女性人物與形象研究 (PDF) (MA thesis) (in Chinese). 國立臺灣師範大學臺灣史研究所. p. 80. ^ Mwakikagile, Godfrey (2020-03-20). Colonial Mentality and the Destiny of Africa ^ Tripp, Aili Mari (2000-05-05). Women and Politics in Uganda 32– 33. ISBN 978-0-299-16484-3 ^ a b c d John Milner Gray (1960). "A history of Ibanda, Saza of Mitoma, Ankole" . The Uganda Journal 24 (2): 166– 182. ^ Rountree, Helen C. (1990). Pocahontas's People: The Powhatan Indians of Virginia Through Four Centuries 126– 127. ISBN 978-0-8061-2849-8 ^ Boissevain, Ethel (1959). "Narragansett Survival: A Study of Group Persistence through Adapted Traits" Ethnohistory . 6 (4): 350. doi :10.2307/480725 . ISSN 0014-1801 . JSTOR 480725 . ^ L. E. B. Cobden-Ramsay (2011). Feudatory States of Orissa: Bengal District Gazetteers 276– 277. ISBN 978-81-7268-216-3 ^ Sewell, Robert , ed. (1884). Lists of Inscriptions, and Sketch of the Dynasties of Southern India ^ Ganguli, Samir (2025-02-19). Capitals Of Bengal Before Calcutta, Some Famous, Some Lost, Some Not Found
Lists of female holders of political office National politics/government/legislatures
Afghanistan
Australia
Canada
France
India
Iran
Ireland
Israel Jamaica
Malaysia
Mongolia
Nepal
Papua New Guinea
Philippines
Russia
Sri Lanka
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States
Related
Type Topics Titles Current
Former
Africa Americas Asia Europe Oceania Commonwealth realms
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.png)
.png)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.JPG)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
_in_an_18th_century_painting.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
_(page_1_crop).jpg)
_(crop_2x3).jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
_effigy_2010_(2).jpg)
_%E2%80%93_Nationaal_Archief.jpg)
.jpg)
_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.png)
.jpg)
_mini.jpg)
_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
_(cropped)_(3-to-4_aspect_ratio).jpg)
.jpg)
_(1).jpg)
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rosenthal, Herman (1902). "Bikhakhanim". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. Vol. 3. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. p. 210.
