Japreria language
| Japrería | |
|---|---|
| Yapreria, Motilón, Yukpa-Japrería[1] | |
| Native to | Venezuela |
| Ethnicity | 160 (2011)[2] |
Native speakers | 170 (2002 census)[2] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | jru |
| Glottolog | japr1238 |
| ELP | Japréria |
Japrería (also known as Yapreria, Motilón, Sabril[4] and Yukpa-Japrería)[1] is a Cariban language of Venezuela. It has been frequently classified as a dialect of neighbouring Yukpa, which it is closely related to.
Classification
[edit]It is debated whether or not Japreria is a dialect of Yukpa.[5] In anthropology, the Japreria people are treated as one of the subroups of the Yukpa people.[6] The Czech linguist Čestmír Loukotka (1968),[7] Haydée Seijas and Marshall Durbin (1977), and Mosonyi and Mosonyi (2000),[6] all treated Japreria as a dialect of Yukpa. However, the Ministry of Education, in a 1986 article, claimed that the Yukpa could not understand the Japreria.[8][6]
Phonology
[edit]| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Dorsal | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | |||
| Stop/Affricate | p | t | t͡ʃ | k | ʔ |
| Fricative | s | ʃ | h | ||
| Liquid | ʋ | ɾ | j | ʀ |
- /ʋ/ is labiodental, while /m, p/ are bilabial.
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Open | e | a | o |
References
[edit]- ^ a b "Japréria". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 9 August 2016. Retrieved 20 December 2024.
- ^ a b Japrería at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- ^ "Glottolog 5.2 - Yukpa". glottolog.org. Retrieved 3 October 2025.
- ^ Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Wilbert, Johannes (ed.). Classification of South American Indian Languages (PDF) (4th ed.). Latin American Center, UCLA. p. 239. ISBN 9780879031077.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Grondona, Verónica (2012). Campbell, Lyle (ed.). The Indigenous Languages of South America: A Comprehensive Guide (PDF). Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar: De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-025803-5.
- ^ a b c d Oquendo, Luis (2004a). "La vibrante uvular y la aproximante labiodental en la lengua japreria como cultura fonológica" (PDF). Opción (in Spanish). 20 (45): 60–74.
- ^ Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Wilbert, Johannes (ed.). Classification of South American Indian Languages (PDF) (4th ed.). Latin American Center, UCLA: Latin American Center, University of California Los Angeles. ISBN 9780879031077.
- ^ Boletín indigenista venezolano (in Spanish). Comision Indigenista. 1983.
- ^ a b "Japreria". SAPhon – South American Phonological Inventories. v. 2.1.0. Retrieved 6 July 2024., citing Oquendo 2004a, p. 67
Further reading
[edit]- de Armellada, P. Cesáreo (1957). "Los indios Japrería. Algunas noticias antiguas y modernas y comentarios sobre las mismas". Venezuela Misionera. 225.
- de Armellada, Cesáreo (1956). "Los indios Japréria, una nueva tribu redescubierta". Boletín Indigenista. 16 (210): 356–365.
- Dupouy, Walter (1958). "Noticias de los indios Japrería". Antropológica. 4: 1–16.
- Durbin, Marshall; Seijas, Haydée (1972). "The phonological structure of the Western Carib languages of the Sierra de Perija, Venezuela". Atti del XL Congresso Internazionale degli Americanisti. Vol. 3. pp. 69–77.
- Flores, Elexander (2002). Morfosintaxis del Japreria (MA thesis). Maracaibo: Universidad del Zulia.
- Jaramillo Gómez, O. (1992). "Los Yuko-Yukpa". Geografía humana de Colombia. Vol. II: Nordeste indígena. Bogotá: ICCH. pp. 294–339.
- Oquendo, Luis (2004b). "Is Japreria a Yukpa Dialect?". Lingua Americana. 8 (14).
- Ruddle, K.; Wilbert, J. (1983). "Los Yukpa". In Coppens, W. (ed.). Los aborígenes de Venezuela. Vol. II. pp. 33–124.
- Straka, H. (1980). Ocho años entre yukpas y japrerías. Caracas: Ediciones de la Presidencia de la República.
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