Draft:FRED architecture

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Instructions · What links here · FRED architecture (talk: + · bio) · (log) · Copyvios report · reFill · Citation Bot · (Search: Google, Wikipedia) · Submitted 2 months ago by Intanett (talk: D · +) · Last edited 2 months ago by Itcouldbepossible

The Flexible Return and Event Delivery (FRED) architecture defines simple new transitions that change privilege level (ring transitions). The FRED architecture was designed with the following goals:

Improve overall performance and response time by replacing event delivery through the interrupt descriptor table (IDT event delivery) and event return by the IRET instruction with lower latency transitions.
Improve software robustness by ensuring that event delivery establishes the full supervisor context and that event return establishes the full user context.^[1]^[2]

Intel initially disclosed FRED back in 2022 and the support was upstreamed to the Linux kernel in 2024 with Linux 6.9.^[3]

Intel Panther Lake is the first CPU generation featuring FRED. It's also since been made public that AMD Zen 6 will support FRED and FRED is also coming to Xeon Diamond Rapids server processors too.

Benchmarks from Phoronix demonstrate Flexible Return and Event Delivery (FRED) delivering on its design goals. For I/O heavy workloads and other scenarios there were extremely meaningful performance gains provided by this new technology debuting with Panther Lake. ^[4]

References

^ Intel Flexible Return and Event Delivery (FRED) Specification June 2025 Revision (PDF). Vol. 9. Intel Corporation. June 2025. p. 9-62. Retrieved 2026-04-17.
^ FRED Overview in Linux Kernel Docs
^ Linux Pull x86 FRED support
^ Article with Benchmarks from Phoronix

Category:X86 instructions Category:Interrupts Category:Intel

[intel-ref-1] Intel Flexible Return and Event Delivery (FRED) Specification June 2025 Revision (PDF). Vol. 9. Intel Corporation. June 2025. p. 9-62. Retrieved 2026-04-17.

[2] FRED Overview in Linux Kernel Docs

[3] Linux Pull x86 FRED support

[4] Article with Benchmarks from Phoronix

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