Chiroxiphia
| Chiroxiphia | |
|---|---|
_02.jpg)
| |
| Blue-backed manakin (Chiroxiphia pareola) | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Pipridae |
| Genus: | Chiroxiphia Cabanis, 1847 |
| Type species | |
| Pipra caudata Shaw, 1793
| |
| Species | |
|
7, see text | |
Chiroxiphia is one of several genera of manakins, small song birds of South and Central America.
Taxonomy
[edit]The genus Chiroxiphia was introduced in 1847 by the German ornithologist Jean Cabanis. He listed five species in the new genus but did not specify the type.[1] In 1855 the English zoologist George Gray designated the type as Pipra caudata Shaw, 1793, the blue manakin.[2][3] The name Chiroxiphia combines Ancient Greek ειρ/kheir, χειρος/kheiros meaning "hand" with ξιφος/xiphos meaning "sword".[4]
Description
[edit]The male plumage is a striking combination of black and bright blue. The crown is red, except in the yellow-crowned C. pareola regina. Females are comparably dull olive-greenish overall. Juveniles of both sexes resemble the adult female. As the male plumage takes several years to complete, individuals showing a level of intermediacy between full adult male and female-like juveniles are commonly seen (in particular female-plumaged birds with red, or yellow in C. pareola regina, crowns).
Breeding
[edit]Manakins of the genus Chiroxiphia have an unusual mating system, based on female mate choice. In order to mate successfully, males have to form partnerships with another male. The two males co-operate in an elaborate courtship dance, and sing a joint song (called a duet) at one of many traditionally fixed mating sites; the area where mating takes place can be described as an exploded lek. In some species such as the blue manakin, these partnerships typically consist of three males. Females attend a number of these courtship sites, observing the male displays and eventually allow a male at one of the sites to mate.
The males can typically be designated alpha and beta, since there is a clear dominance relationship between them. There is only ever one alpha male, but, depending on species, there may be one or two beta males. Beta males are sometimes sub-adults - easily recognized, as their plumage retain female-like characters. Only the alpha male is ever seen to mate with the female.
As in other manakins, males play no part in the care of the young.
The genus, Antilophia was introduced in 1850 by the German naturalist Ludwig Reichenbach to accommodate the helmeted manakin.[5][6] Until the discovery of the Araripe manakin, the helmeted manakin was the only member of the genus Antilophia.[7] When multiple genetic studies found that Antilophia was embedded within Chiroxiphia,[8][9][10] the two species of Antilophia were merged into Chiroxiphia.[11] They are the only two species of manakin with dichromatic (two-coloured) male plumage.[12]
Species
[edit]The genus contains the following seven species:[11]
| Image | Scientific name | Common name | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|
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Chiroxiphia galeata | Helmeted manakin | Brazil; also northeast Paraguay, and a border region of northeast Bolivia |
.jpg) |
Chiroxiphia bokermanni | Araripe manakin | Brazil |
.jpg) |
Chiroxiphia lanceolata | Lance-tailed manakin | from Costa Rica to northern Venezuela. |
.jpg) |
Chiroxiphia linearis | Long-tailed manakin | Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, and Nicaragua |
|
Chiroxiphia pareola | Blue-backed manakin | southern Colombia, eastern Venezuela, the Guyanas, northeast Brazil, the Amazon Basin in Brazil, Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru; and in Tobago. |
.jpg) |
Chiroxiphia boliviana | Yungas manakin | Yungas of southeastern Peru and Bolivia. |
 |
Chiroxiphia caudata | Blue manakin | south-eastern Brazil, eastern Paraguay and far north-eastern Argentina. |
References
[edit]- ^ Cabanis, Jean (1847). "Ornithologische notizen". Archiv für Naturgeschichte (in German). 13 (1): 186–256, 308–352 [235].
- ^ Gray, George Robert (1855). Catalogue of the Genera and Subgenera of Birds Contained in the British Museum. London: British Museum. p. 55.
- ^ Traylor, Melvin A. Jr, ed. (1979). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 8. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 267.
- ^ Jobling, James A. "Chiroxiphia". The Key to Scientific Names. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 10 April 2026.
- ^ Reichenbach, Ludwig (1850). Avium Systema Naturale (in German). Dresden and Leipzig: Expedition Vollständigsten Naturgeschichte. Plate LXIII.
- ^ Traylor, Melvin A. Jr, ed. (1979). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 8. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 254.
- ^ de Freitas Marçal, Bráulio (2019). "Non-monogamous mating system and evidence of lekking behaviour in the helmeted manakin (Aves: Pipridae)". Journal of Natural History. 53 (39–40): 2479–2488. Bibcode:2019JNatH..53.2479M. doi:10.1080/00222933.2019.1704899.
- ^ Harvey, M.G.; et al. (2020). "The evolution of a tropical biodiversity hotspot". Science. 370 (6522): 1343–1348. Bibcode:2020Sci...370.1343H. doi:10.1126/science.aaz6970. hdl:10138/329703. PMID 33303617. A high resolution version of the phylogenetic tree in Figure 1 is available from the first author's website here.
- ^ Leite, R.N.; Kimball, R.T.; Braun, E.L.; Derryberry, E.P.; Hosner, P.A.; Derryberry, G.E.; Anciães, M.; McKay, J.S.; Aleixo, A.; Ribas, C.C.; Brumfield, R.T.; Cracraft, J. (2021). "Phylogenomics of manakins (Aves: Pipridae) using alternative locus filtering strategies based on informativeness". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 155 107013. Bibcode:2021MolPE.15507013L. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2020.107013. hdl:10138/338055. PMID 33217578.
- ^ Zhao, M.; Kurtis, S.M.; White, N.D.; Moncrieff, A.E.; Leite, R.N.; Brumfield, R.T.; Braun, E.L.; Kimball, R.T. (2023). "Exploring conflicts in whole genome phylogenetics: a case study within Manakins (Aves: Pipridae)". Systematic Biology. 72 (1): 161–178. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syac062. PMC 10452962. PMID 36130303.
- ^ a b AviList Core Team (2025). "AviList: The Global Avian Checklist, v2025". doi:10.2173/avilist.v2025. Retrieved 10 April 2026.
- ^ de Freitas Marçal, Bráulio; Esteves Lopes, Leonardo (2019). "Breeding biology of the Helmeted Manakin Antilophia galeata in an ecotone between the Atlantic Forest and the Cerrado". Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia. 27 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1007/BF03544440.
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