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Argentina–Spain relations

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Argentina–Spain relations
Map indicating locations of Argentina and Spain

Argentina
Spain
Diplomatic mission
Embassy of Argentina, MadridEmbassy of Spain, Buenos Aires

The Argentine Republic and the Kingdom of Spain maintain bilateral relations. Since a great portion of the immigrants to Argentina before the mid-19th century were of Spanish descent, the large majority of Argentines are at least partly of Spanish ancestry. Also, a significant part of the late-19th century/early-20th century immigrants to Argentina were Spaniards. Both nations are members of the Organization of Ibero-American States and the United Nations.

History

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Spanish colonization

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Main article: Colonial Argentina

In 1516, the first Spanish expedition to visit what is now Argentina was led by the explorer Juan Díaz de Solís. In 1536, the first Spanish settlement was created in the Río de la Plata basin. In 1776, the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata was created with the head of government placed in Buenos Aires.

Independence

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Main article: Argentine War of Independence

Spain recognized an independent Argentina in 1863, with the signing of the Treaty of Peace and Amity, thus establishing diplomatic relations between the two nations.[1]

Post independence

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The Spanish-Argentine brotherhood in 1900 portrayed by the Liberty of Oudiné and Hispania.

Since obtaining independence from Spain, diplomatic relations between the two nations have been stable. During the Spanish Civil War, Argentina remained neutral and gave asylum to any Spanish citizen requesting it without regards to whether they were Republicans or Nationalists.[2] At the end of the war, Argentina maintained diplomatic relations with the government of General Francisco Franco. Maintaining diplomatic relations allowed for the first lady of Argentina Eva Perón to visit Spain in 1947 and donate five million tons of food to the Spanish people.[3]

After the death of General Franco in Spain in 1975, Argentina entered a period of military dictatorship between 1976 and 1983. In 1982, Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands. Spain recognised and supported the claims of Argentine territorial rights over the islands. In 2012, British documents were made declassified and stated that Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher feared that during the Falkland war, Spain would join Argentina by invading Gibraltar.[4] However, as of 31 December 2020, Spain and the United Kingdom reached an agreement on the Gibraltar dispute with their Spanish environment.[5]

Eva Perón in Spain; 1947.

A dispute arose in 2012, when Argentina sought to nationalize the energy company YPF, owned by the Spanish multinational company Repsol. Spain warned against such a move stating that it would harm bilateral relations if such a move were to happen.[6] On 16 April, Argentina's President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner announced the nationalization of YPF, to which Spain warned of a "clear and decisive" response.[7] The Argentine government agreed a $5 billion settlement with Repsol over YPF.[8]

In the 2010s an Argentine court accused Antonio González Pacheco, a former police inspector, of committing criminal acts during the Franco regime. He was sought for extradition by an Argentine judge in 2014.[9] María Romilda Servini had called for the indictment.[10] The request for extradition was refused by the Spanish High Court on the basis that the statute of limitations had run out on the accusation against him.[11]

In 2021, Spain pledged support to Argentina vis-à-vis the latter country's negotiations with the IMF to renegotiate on the mechanisms of their debt, singularly those relating to the payment of the US$45 billion borrowed by the Macri administration from the IMF.[12] In June 2021, Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez paid a visit to Argentina and met with President Alberto Fernández.[13] In May 2022, Argentine President Alberto Fernández paid a visit to Spain.[14]

Sánchez endorsed Kircherist candidate Sergio Massa during the 2023 Argentine presidential election, which were won by Javier Milei, who departed from the socialist policies of Argentine Peronists and Sanchez.[15] Relations between both presidents have been complicated since then. Spanish minister Óscar Puente said that Milei "consumes substances" in April 2024, and the next month Milei pointed out the corruption scandals that involve the wife of Sánchez, Begoña Gómez. Sánchez asked for formal apologies, which were denied; Argentine spokesman Manuel Adorni said it was Sánchez who should apologise to Milei instead.[15] When asked if Sánchez would apologize to Milei, Spanish spokesman Patxi López refused to answer.[16] As a consequence of the conflict, Sánchez indefinitely removed Spain's ambassador in Argentina, María Jesús Alonso Jiménez.[17] On the other side, Milei said that he would not break relations between both countries merely because of personal conflicts between rulers.[18]

High-level visits

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King Felipe VI of Spain and President Javier Milei of Argentina in Buenos Aires; 2023.

High-level visits from Argentina to Spain[19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] [30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37]


High-level visits from Spain to Argentina[38][39][40][41][42][43]


  • Princess Isabel, Argentine President José Figueroa Alcorta, and Chilean President Pedro Montt in Buenos Aires; 1910.
    Princess Isabel, Argentine President José Figueroa Alcorta, and Chilean President Pedro Montt in Buenos Aires; 1910.
  • President Carlos Menem and Prime Minister José María Aznar in Buenos Aires; 1997.
    President Carlos Menem and Prime Minister José María Aznar in Buenos Aires; 1997.
  • President Néstor Kirchner, First Lady Cristina Fernández de Kirchner along with King Juan Carlos I and Queen Sofía in Los Glaciares National Park, Argentina; 2003.
    President Néstor Kirchner, First Lady Cristina Fernández de Kirchner along with King Juan Carlos I and Queen Sofía in Los Glaciares National Park, Argentina; 2003.
  • Prime Minister José María Aznar and President Néstor Kirchner in Madrid; 2004.
    Prime Minister José María Aznar and President Néstor Kirchner in Madrid; 2004.
  • President Néstor Kirchner, First Lady Cristina de Kirchner and Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero in New York City; 2005.
    President Néstor Kirchner, First Lady Cristina de Kirchner and Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero in New York City; 2005.
  • President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner and Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero in Santiago, Chile; 2008.
    President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner and Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero in Santiago, Chile; 2008.
  • King Juan Carlos I and President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner in Portugal; 2009.
    King Juan Carlos I and President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner in Portugal; 2009.
  • Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy and President Mauricio Macri in Hangzhou, China; 2016.
    Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy and President Mauricio Macri in Hangzhou, China; 2016.
  • President Mauricio Macri and King Felipe VI in Madrid; 2017.
    President Mauricio Macri and King Felipe VI in Madrid; 2017.
  • Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez and President Mauricio Macri in Buenos Aires; 2018.
    Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez and President Mauricio Macri in Buenos Aires; 2018.
  • President Alberto Fernández and Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez in Rome; 2021.
    President Alberto Fernández and Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez in Rome; 2021.

Cultural cooperation

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The Monument to the Carta Magna and Four Regions of Argentina was donated by the Spanish community in 1910, on the occasion of the centenary of the May Revolution.[44] Argentina hosts Spanish Cultural Centers in Buenos Aires, in Córdoba and in the Parque de España, Rosario.[45] In addition, it also has mixed social and sports institutions, such as the Spanish Club of Rosario or the Hispano-Argentino Regatta Club,[46][47] and Spanish is the common language of both countries.[48]

Since May 2014, the Argentine cartoonist Quino, famous for his comic strip Mafalda, received the Princess of Asturias Award for Communication and Humanities.[49] Later, since May 2017, the Argentine humorous-musical group Les Luthiers was also awarded.[50]

Tango and flamenco are two Latin dance genres, recognized as intangible cultural heritage, being emblems of Argentine and Spanish culture respectively. Likewise, they have become popular among the societies of both countries with the exchange of music and dance artists.[51][52]

In February 2020, a twinning tourist guide was established that unites the city of Córdoba in Spain with the counterpart Córdoba in Argentina, trying to take advantage of the aspects that both cities share and that transcend beyond the common name that identifies them, covering linguistic points and cultural.[53]

Since June 2022, the twinning of the paths of the Cura Brochero in Córdoba (Argentina) with that of Santiago de Compostela in Galicia (Spain) began. The agreement will have as its main objective to promote the exchange of knowledge on Christian pilgrimages between both communities.[54]

In January 2023, Argentina sought at FITUR to capitalize its historic relationship with Spain for tourism, forged, among other things, by the family ties that unite both countries.[55] Subsequently, the signing of a twinning and cooperation agreement between the municipalities of Salta (Argentina) and Huelva (Spain) was established. The agreement was made with the aim of promoting the economic and social development of both regions through tourism, production, culture, and gastronomy.[56] Likewise, in May of the same year, Salta was also twinned with the municipality of Huesca (Spain), since the gauchos pay homage to the same patron of the Fiestas de San Lorenzo.[57]

Agreements

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Both nations have signed numerous bilateral agreements such as an Air Transportation Agreement (1947); Agreement on the Elimination of Visas (1947); Agreement on Migration (1960); Agreement on Cultural Cooperation (1971); Agreement on Scientific and Technical Cooperation (1972); Agreement on Economic Cooperation (1974); Extradition Treaty (1987); Agreement on the Promotion and Protection of Investments (1991); Agreement on mutual recognition of Drivers License (2002); Agreement on the Avoidance of Double-Taxation (2013)[1] and an Agreement to strengthen bilateral cooperation in innovation and technological development (2022).[58]

Transportation

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There are direct flights between Argentina and Spain through the following airlines: Aerolíneas Argentinas, Air Europa, Iberia and Level.

Trade and investment

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In 2017, trade between Argentina and Spain totaled €2.7 billion Euros.[59] Argentina's main exports to Spain include: animal based products, frozen fish, crustaceans and sea mussels, copper and organic chemicals. Spain's exports to Argentina include: automobile components and equipment, electrical material and pharmaceuticals.[59] Spanish multinational companies such Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria, Banco Santander, Mapfre, Telefónica and Zara operate in Argentina.

Spain is the second largest investor in Argentina after the United States, totalling to more than €9.8 million Euros in 2018.[60]

Resident diplomatic missions

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  • Embassy of Argentina in Madrid
    Embassy of Argentina in Madrid
  • Consulate-General of Argentina in Barcelona
    Consulate-General of Argentina in Barcelona
  • Consulate of Argentina in Cádiz
    Consulate of Argentina in Cádiz
  • Embassy of Spain in Buenos Aires
    Embassy of Spain in Buenos Aires
  • Consulate-General of Spain in Buenos Aires
    Consulate-General of Spain in Buenos Aires
  • Consulate-General of Spain in Mendoza
    Consulate-General of Spain in Mendoza

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs on Argentina (in Spanish)
  2. ^ La guerra civil española y la sociedad Argentina (in Spanish)
  3. ^ "16 días con Evita Perón en España (in Spanish)". Archived from the original on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2014.
  4. ^ El País: ¿Puede España atacar Gibraltar? (in Spanish)
  5. ^ "El texto del acuerdo entre España y el Reino Unido prevé demoler la verja de Gibraltar". 11 January 2021.
  6. ^ "Spain Cautions Argentina on Takeover of Energy Firm (Published 2012)". The New York Times. 13 April 2012. Archived from the original on 27 July 2023.
  7. ^ Spain Pledges Action Against Argentina Over YPF Seizure
  8. ^ Rucinski, Tracy; González, Andrés; Gray, Kevin (25 February 2014). "Spain's Repsol agrees to $5 billion settlement with Argentina over YPF". reuters.com.
  9. ^ Rafael, Patricia; Yardley, Jim (30 April 2014). "No Extradition for Franco-Era Police Inspector". The New York Times. Madrid. Retrieved 13 November 2017.
  10. ^ "Argentina calls for extradition of Francoists over human rights abuses". The Guardian. 19 September 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2019.
  11. ^ "Argentina asks Spain to arrest 20 Franco-era officials". BBC News. BBC. 1 November 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2017.
  12. ^ "Argentina gana respaldos europeos a las gestiones por su deuda ante el FMI". France24. 11 May 2021.
  13. ^ Sánchez da la bienvenida al gesto de Junqueras y pide "magnanimidad" para conceder los indultos (in Spanish)
  14. ^ Alberto Fernández, en Madrid: El Presidente impulsa la idea de que la interna se defina en una PASO (in Spanish)
  15. ^ a b "El trasfondo de la pelea entre Pedro Sánchez y Javier Milei: el apoyo a Sergio Massa, las acusaciones de "sustancias" y otras frases que desataron la crisis diplomática" [The background of the fight between Pedro Sanchez and Javier Milei: support for Massa, claims of "substances" and other phrases that sparked the diplomatic crisis] (in Spanish). La Nación. 20 May 2024. Retrieved 21 May 2024.
  16. ^ "El incómodo momento del vocero de Pedro Sánchez cuando le preguntaron por qué España no le pide perdón a Milei" [The uncomfortable moment of the spokesman of Pedro Sánchez when he was asked why Spain does not apologize to Milei] (in Spanish). 21 May 2024. Retrieved 21 May 2024.
  17. ^ Pau Mosquera (21 May 2024). "España retira a su embajadora en Argentina de forma definitiva tras declaraciones de Milei" [Spain removes its ambassador in Argentina on a permanent way after the phrases of Milei] (in Spanish). CNN Latinoamérica. Retrieved 21 May 2024.
  18. ^ Mauricio Torres (21 May 2024). ""No le voy a pedir disculpas", dice Javier Milei sobre su confrontación con Pedro Sánchez" ["I will not apologise", says Javier Milei about his clash with Pedro Sánchez] (in Spanish). CNN Latinoamérica. Retrieved 21 May 2024.
  19. ^ Evita en España: el viaje que salvó a Franco (in Spanish)
  20. ^ Visita a España del Presidente de Argentina, Arturo Frondizi (in Spanish)
  21. ^ El secreto jamás revelado del viaje de Lanusse a España: ¿por qué Franco lo homenajeó a él y nunca a Perón? (in Spanish) "En febrero viajó Agustín Alejandro Lanusse y en junio hizo lo mismo Héctor J. Cámpora."
  22. ^ El viaje de Isabel a España 15 días antes de la muerte de Perón y el Parkinson que Franco ya no podía disimular (in Spanish)
  23. ^ Alfonsín en España: El presidente argentino en el Senado (in Spanish)
  24. ^ Carlos Menem viajará a España a finales de mes (in Spanish)
  25. ^ De la Rúa finaliza su visita a España con un "salto cualitativo" en sus relaciones bilaterales (in Spanish)
  26. ^ Duhalde llega a España en último viaje oficial antes dejar cargo (in Spanish)
  27. ^ Aquel viaje que hizo Kirchner a España (in Spanish)
  28. ^ Kirchner cierra su visita sin hacer concesiones en los temas en litigio (in Spanish)
  29. ^ Fernández de Kirchner llega a España con la intención de reforzar las relaciones bilaterales (in Spanish)
  30. ^ El presidente Macri fue recibido por el Rey Felipe VI de España (in Spanish)
  31. ^ Fernández se reunió con Sánchez en Madrid y dijo que consiguió su respaldo ante el FMI (in Spanish)
  32. ^ Alberto Fernández inicia en España su gira por Europa (in Spanish)
  33. ^ El presidente se reunió con el Rey Felipe VI de España (in Spanish)
  34. ^ El presidente se reunió con la vicepresidente de España Yolanda Díaz (in Spanish)
  35. ^ Argentine president Javier Milei begins unusual visit to Spain, snubbing officials
  36. ^ Milei vuelve a España por cuarta vez desde que es presidente para asistir a un acto de los ultras europeos organizado por Vox (in Spanish)
  37. ^ Milei llega a Madrid para participar en un foro de ultraderecha y reunirse con Abascal (in Spanish)
  38. ^ Ficha país Argentina: Relación de visitas en ambos sentidos (in Spanish)
  39. ^ Felipe González afirma en el Congreso argentino que la democracia no es un privilegio de los países ricos (in Spanish)
  40. ^ Menem recibe al Príncipe en Buenos Aires con honores de jefe de Estado (in Spanish)
  41. ^ Discurso de José María Aznar en la bolsa de comercio de Buenos Aires (in Spanish)
  42. ^ Zapatero quiere una relación estrecha con la Argentina (in Spanish)
  43. ^ Pedro Sánchez inicia una visita a la Argentina (in Spanish)
  44. ^ María del Carmen Magaz (2013). Monumentos y Esculturas de Buenos Aires, Palermo: espacios simbólicos y arte público). Dirección General Patrimonio e Instituto Histórico de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. ISBN 978-987-1642-23-6.
  45. ^ "La SEGIB podrá usar los centros culturales de España en Iberoamérica". Secretaría General Iberoamericana. 27 May 2015.
  46. ^ "Club Español de Rosario - Historia de la Institución". Archived from the original on 8 April 2016. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
  47. ^ "CRHA".
  48. ^ "Fundación para la Historia de España".
  49. ^ Constenla, Tereixa (21 May 2014). "Quino gana el Príncipe de Asturias de Comunicación y Humanidades". El País.
  50. ^ Cué, Carlos E. (10 May 2017). "Les Luthiers, Premio Princesa de Asturias de Comunicación y Humanidades 2017". El País.
  51. ^ "Tango y flamenco se dan un "fraternal" abrazo en el Colón de Buenos Aires". La Vanguardia. 16 February 2019.
  52. ^ "Madrid clausura Hispanidad 2022 con animación en la calle, flamenco, tango, mariachis, el musical 'Malinche', bandas de música y fuegos artificiales al son de Albéniz y Falla (horarios y ubicaciones)". Gacetín Madrid. 11 October 2022.
  53. ^ "Una guía une a las Córdoba de España y Argentina". Hosteltur. 10 February 2020.
  54. ^ "Se inició el hermanamiento de los caminos del Cura Brochero y Santiago de Compostela". Noticias: Gobierno de Córdoba. 14 June 2022.
  55. ^ "Argentina busca en Fitur 2023 capitalizar turísticamente la histórica relación del país con España". Europa Press. 19 January 2023.
  56. ^ "Salta firmó un convenio de hermanamiento y cooperación con Huelva, España". Gobierno de Salta. 20 January 2023.
  57. ^ "San Lorenzo hermana a Huesca y Argentina: "En Salta, los gauchos le rinden homenaje el 10 de agosto"". Heraldo de Aragón. 4 May 2023.
  58. ^ "España y Argentina fortalecerán la cooperación en innovación y desarrollo". COPE. 18 March 2022.
  59. ^ a b Argentina-España: Relaciones Económicas y Oportunidades de Negocio (in Spanish)
  60. ^ "Sánchez apelará en Argentina a un acuerdo con el FMI que permita estabilidad". swissinfo.ch. 8 June 2021.
  61. ^ Embassy of Argentina in Madrid
  62. ^ Consulate-General of Argentina in Madrid
  63. ^ Consulate-General of Argentina in Barcelona
  64. ^ Consulate-General of Argentina in Vigo
  65. ^ Consulate of Argentina in Cádiz
  66. ^ Consulate of Argentina in Palma
  67. ^ Consulate of Argentina in Santa Cruz de Tenerife
  68. ^ Embassy of Spain in Buenos Aires
  69. ^ Consulate-General of Spain in Buenos Aires
  70. ^ Consulate-General of Spain in Bahía Blanca
  71. ^ Consulate-General of Spain in Córdoba
  72. ^ Consulate-General of Spain in Mendoza
  73. ^ Consulate-General of Spain in Rosario
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