Western Iranian languages
(Redirected from Western Iranian language)
| Western Iranian | |
|---|---|
| Western Iranic | |
| Geographic distribution | Southwest Asia, Central Asia, Caucasus, and western South Asia |
| Linguistic classification | Indo-European
|
| Subdivisions |
|
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | nort3177 Northwestern Iraniansout3157 Southwestern Iranian |
The Western Iranian languages or Western Iranic languages are a branch of the Iranian languages, attested from the time of Old Persian (6th century BC) and Median.
Languages
[edit]The traditional Northwestern branch is a convention for non-Southwestern languages, rather than a genetic group. The languages are as follows:[2][3][4]
Old Iranian period
[edit]The Old Iranian period languages consisted of the following languages:
- Northwest: Median†
- Southwest: Old Persian†
Middle Iranian period
[edit]The Middle Iranian period languages consisted of the following languages:
- Middle West Iranian
- Northwest: Parthian†
- Southwest: Middle Persian†
Modern period (Neo-Iranian)
[edit]Glottolog proposes a detailed linguistic classification of Iranian languages, encompassing many subgroups and dialects:
Northwestern Iranian
[edit]- Adharic[1]
- Adhari (Old Azeri)†
- Zaza[5]
- Tatic (Tati-Talysh)[6]
- Alamuti
- Central Tatic (Khalkhali (Kajali, Karanic [Diz, Gandomabi, Hezarrudi Karan (Khoresh-e Rostam) Karnaq, Kelasi, Lerd, Nowkiani], Shahrudi -Southern Talysh ([Shali-Kolur, Shandermani, Southern Talysh, Massali Masulei]), Khoini, Maraghei [Dikini], North-Central Talysh (Central Talysh [Asalemi, Hashtpari], Northern Talysh [Astara, Lenkoran, Lerik], Taromic [Kabate, Kalasi, Upper Taromi],
- Northern Tatic: Harzandi-Kilit (Harzandi, Kilit†), Karingani-Kalasuri-Khoynarudi (Karingani, Kalasuri-Khoynarudi),
- Southern Tatic: Alviri-Vidari (Alviri, Vidari), Vafsic (Ashtiani [Amorei, Kahaki, Nuclear Ashtiani, Tafresh], Vafsi), Ramand-Karaj: Eshtehardi, Razajerdi, Takestani (Khalkhal, Kharaqani, Ramandi, Tarom, Zanjan))
- Gurani[7]
- Balochic[8]
- Eastern Balochi (Bugti, Kasrani, Leghari, Marri, Mazari, Upper Sindhi Balochi)
- Southern-Western Balochi
- Southern-Western Balochi-Koroshi
- Koroshi (Coastal Koroshi, Inland Koroshi)
- Southern Balochi (Coastal Balochi [Kechi, Barahuwi, Bashgaadi, Huuti Karachi Balochi Makrani], Kechi)
- Western Balochi
- Lashari (Bampuri, Iranshahr)
- Rakhshani (Kalati Balochi, Panjguri, Sarhaddi Balochi [Afghanistan Balochi, Sistani Balochi, Turkmenistan Balochi])
- Southern-Western Balochi-Koroshi
- Caspian[9]
- Gorgani†
- Gilaki-Rudbari
- Gilaki
- Western Gilaki (Anzali, Fumani Rashti)
- Eastern Gilaki (Lahijani, Langerudi, Machiani)
- Galeshi
- Rudbari
- Gilaki
- Mazandarani-Shahmirzadi
- Mazandarani (Central Caspian, Gachsari, Galeshi of Mazanderan, Nuclear Mazanderani, Velatru)
- Shahmirzadi
- Komisenian[10]
- Semnani-Biyabuneki[11]
- Central Iran-Kermanic[12]
- Kavir (Farvi, Garme'i, Khuri, Mihrijan)
- Nuclear Central-Kermanic
- Gazic (Judeo-Esfahani, Ardestani, Gazi, Jarquya'i, Kafrudi, Kuhpa'i, Nohuji, Rudashti, Sedehi, Zefra'i)
- Judeo-Hamedani-Borujerdi (Judeo-Hamedani, Judeo-Borujerdi)
- Kashanic
- Natanzic (Abyane'i, Badi (Median), Badrudi, Bidhandi, Farizandi, Hanjani, Natanzi, Yarandi)
- Soic (Abuzaydabadi, Arani-Bidgoli, Delijani, Jowshaqani, Judeo-Kashani, Soi)
- Khunsaric (Judeo-Khomeini, Judeo-Khunsari, Khunsari, Mahallati, Vaneshani)
- Judeo-Kermani-Nayini
- Nayinic (Abchuya'i, Anarak, Keyjani, Nayini, Tudeshki)
- Zoroastrian Yazdi (Gabri [Iranian], Judeo-Yazdi-Kermani, Parsi [Zoroastrian], Zoroastrian Dari)
- Sivandi
- Laki-Kurdish[13]
- Kurdish
- Northern Kurdish (Northern Kurmanji, Southeastern Kurmanji, Southern Kurmanji, Western Kurmanji)
- Central Kurdish (Mukri, Sine'i, Sorani)
- Southern Kurdish (Ilami, Lakic Southern Kurdish, Peripheral Kermanshahic)
- Laki
- Kurdish
Southwestern Iranian
[edit]- Bashkardi[14]
- Northern Bashaka (Garmsiri, North Bashkardi)
- Southern Bashaka (Garahven, Gwafr, Parmont, Pirou, Shahbavek)
- Fars dialects[15] (Ardakani, Buringuni, Davani, Judeo-Shirazi, Kalati, Kondazi, Masarmi, Papuni, Somghuni, Xullari, Heshnizi, Gavbandi, Dashtini, Kangani, Jami, Bardesuni (Bardestani)
- Farsic-Caucasian Tat[16]
- Caucasian
- Judeo-Tat (Central Judeo-Tat, Northern Judeo-Tat, Southern Judeo-Tat)
- Muslim Tat (Absheron, Mədrəsə, Northern Muslim Tat, Şirvan Muslim Tat, Xızı)
- Farsic
- Judeo-Persian
- Persian (Western Farsi)
- Central Persian (Esfahani, Kermani Persian)
- Eastern Persian (Khorasan Persian, Sistani Persian)
- Northern Persian (Tehrani, Araki (Iran), Gorgani Persian, Karbalai, Kermanshahi Persian, Ketabi (Literary), Mahalati Malayeri, Perso-Tabaric [Damavandi, Lower Jajrudi, Shemiran, Taleqan-Karaj], Qazvini Persian, Qomi Persian, Savei)
- Southern Persian (Bandari [Bandar Abbasi, Hajiab, Khamiri, Lengei, Qeshmi], Bushehri [Bahraini, Dashtestani, Dashti, Jami, Nuclear Bushehri, Tangestani], Fars Persian [Abadei, Basseri, Jahromi, Kazeruni, Old Shirazi, Shirazi], Khuzestani [Abadani, Ahvazi, Behbahani, Ramhormozi])
- Caucasian
- Kumzari[17]
- Larestani (Achomi)[18]
- Bastak, Bixa, Evaz, Gerash, Lari, Xonj
- Luric-Dezfulic[19]
There is also a recently described, and as yet unclassified, Batu'i language that is presumably Western Iranian.[2] Extinct Deilami is sometimes classified in the Caspian branch. An Iranian Khalaj language has been claimed, but does not exist; the Khalaj speak a Turkic language.
Many of the languages and dialects spoken in Markazi and Isfahan provinces are giving way to Persian in the younger generations.[20]
It is to note that the Caspian languages (incl. Adharic), the central dialects, Zaza and Gorani languages are likely descended from a later form of Median with varying amounts of Parthian substrata,[21] whereas the Semnani languages were likely descended from Parthian.[22]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). "Adharic". Glottolog . Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ a b Erik Anonby, Mortaza Taheri-Ardali & Amos Hayes (2019) The Atlas of the Languages of Iran (ALI). Iranian Studies 52. A Working Classification
- ^ Gernot Windfuhr, 2009, "Dialectology and Topics", The Aryanic Languages, Routledge, pp. 12–15.
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). "Northwestern Iranian". Glottolog . Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). "Southwestern Iranian". Glottolog . Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. - ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). "Zaza". Glottolog . Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). "Tatic". Glottolog . Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). "Gorani". Glottolog . Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). "Balochic". Glottolog . Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). "Caspian". Glottolog . Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). "Komisenian". Glottolog . Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). "Semnani-Biyabuneki". Glottolog . Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). "Central Iran Kermanic". Glottolog . Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). "Laki-Kurdish". Glottolog . Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). "Bashkardi". Glottolog . Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). "Fars Dialects". Glottolog . Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). "Farsic-Caucasian Tat". Glottolog . Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). "Kumzari". Glottolog . Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). "Larestani". Glottolog . Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). "Luric-Dezfulic". Glottolog . Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ Central dialects, Gernot Windfuhr, Encyclopedia Iranica
- ^ Borjian, Habib (2019) Journal of Persianate Studies 2, Median Succumbs to Persian after Three Millennia of Coexistence: Language Shift in the Central Iranian Plateau, p. 70
- ^ Pierre Lecoq. 1989. "Les dialectes caspiens et les dialectes du nord-ouest de l'Iran," Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum. Ed. Rüdiger Schmitt. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, p. 297
Bibliography
[edit]- Pierre Lecoq. 1989. "Les dialectes caspiens et les dialectes du nord-ouest de l'Iran," Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum, ed. Rüdiger Schmitt. Wiesbaden: L. Reichert Verlag, 1989; p. 99.
Further reading
[edit]- Attarzadeh, Muhammad; Rouhparvar, Rahimeh (2024). "Linguistic Study of Some Properties and Phonological Processes of Jooshani Dialect of Persian". Dialectologia et Geolinguistica. 32 (1): 99–122. doi:10.1515/dialect-2024-0007.
- Mohammadirad, Masoud, and Shuan Osman Karim. "The typology of verbal person/number syncretism in Western Iranic languages." Language Dynamics and Change 15.1 (2025): 1-87.
- Kontovas, Nicholas. "Contact and the diversity of noun-noun subordination strategies among Western Iranic languages."
- Hanaway Jr, William L. "Gernot L. Windfuhr. Persian and West Iranic: History and State of Research: Part One: Persian Grammar. The Hague: Mouton, 1979.[Trends in Linguistics: State-of-the-Art Reports, No. 12." Review of Middle East Studies 16.1 (1982): 56-58.