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Explicitly characterized the source of the massacre designation and removed from list of massacres in the Philippines. Per WP:ATTRIBUTEPOV, characterizations of contested events must be attributed inline, not asserted as fact. Per WP:CAT and WP:NOR, categorical classification as a massacre is premature while the Commission on Human Rights investigation remains ongoing and no independent determination has been issued.
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===AFP Strategic Plans===
===AFP Strategic Plans===
Since the promulgation of the Anti Terror Act in 2021, the Armed Forces' offensives against the NPA have been defined by two strategic plans: the Development Support and Security Plan (DSSP) "Kapayapaan" from 2017–2022, and the AFP PLEDS (Peace, Law Enforcement, and Development Support) Plan "Pagkakaisa" since 2023, which is intended to be in force until 2028.<ref name="PHArmyReorients">{{Cite news |last=Dava |first=Bianca |date=August 22, 2025 |title=PH Army reorients towards territorial defense, sustains counterinsurgency gains |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/news/nation/2025/8/21/ph-army-reorients-towards-territorial-defense-sustains-counterinsurgency-gains-0725 |work=ABS-CBN News }}</ref>
Since the promulgation of the Anti Terror Act in 2021, the Armed Forces' offensives against the NPA have been defined by two strategic plans: the Development Support and Security Plan (DSSP) "Kapayapaan" from 2017–2022, and the AFP PLEDS (Peace, Law Enforcement, and Development Support) Plan "Pagkakaisa" since 2023, which is intended to be in force until 2028.<ref name="PHArmyReorients">{{Cite news |last=Dava |first=Bianca |date=August 22, 2025 |title=PH Army reorients towards territorial defense, sustains counterinsurgency gains |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/news/nation/2025/8/21/ph-army-reorients-towards-territorial-defense-sustains-counterinsurgency-gains-0725 |work=ABS-CBN News }}</ref>

In his 2025 State of the Nation Address, President Ferdinand “Bongbong” Marcos Jr. claimed that there were "no more guerilla groups in the country," echoing earlier claims of success from the AFP after focused military operations, the targetting of leaders, and the constriction of lines of support,<ref name="WalaQuestionMark">{{Cite news |last=Reyes |first=Miguel Paulo |date=August 17. 2025 |title=Wala nang grupong gerilya sa bansa? |url=https://verafiles.org/articles/wala-nang-grupong-gerilya-sa-bansa}}</ref> although media groups such as VeraFiles point out that a high number of encounters, which saw 146 alleged NPA killed between January to November 2024, was an indication of the continued existence of the organization.<ref name="WalaQuestionMark"/>


===Dismantling of the NPA's Northern Negros Front===
===Dismantling of the NPA's Northern Negros Front===

Revision as of 09:31, 4 May 2026

Toboso encounter
Part of Communist armed conflicts in the Philippines

The site of the encounter being inspected by Toboso mayor Richard M. Jaojoco (second from right) and other officials on April 20, 2026
DateApril 19, 2026
Location
Barangay Salamanca, Toboso, Negros Occidental, Philippines
Result Armed confrontation; 19 people killed
Belligerents
Philippines New People's Army
Commanders and leaders
Lt. Col. Eric Alfonso (commanding officer, 79th Infantry Battalion)[1] Roger Fabillar (leader, NPA Northern Negros Front)  †
Units involved
Philippine Army
– 79th Infantry Battalion
– 3rd Infantry Division
  • Northern Negros Front
Casualties and losses
1 soldier wounded Military claim: 19 NPA combatants killed
CPP claim: 10 NPA combatants killed
CPP claim: 9 civilians killed

The Toboso encounter of April 19, 2026,[2] also referred to as the Toboso clash,[3] the Toboso incident,[4] or the Toboso massacre by the Communist Party of the Philippines and some human rights organizations,[5] was an armed confrontation between the 79th Infantry Battalion of the Philippine Army (79IB PA) and the Northern Negros Front of the New People's Army (NPA NNF) in Barangay Salamanca, Toboso, Negros Occidental, which resulted in the death of 10 members of the NPA and nine presumed civilians,[6] who are collectively referred to as the "Toboso 19".[7]

This included University of the Philippines students Alyssa Alano[8][9] and Maureen Keil Santuyo,[10] poet and journalist RJ Nichole Ledesma of Paghimutad-Negros,[11][12] community researcher Errol Wendel,[13] and American activists Lyle Prijoles and Kai Dana-Rene Sorem, aside from Northern Negros Front commander Roger Fabillar, who had a bounty of ₱1 million (US$20,304.57) for his arrest or neutralization at the time of his killing.[14]

The NPA later acknowledged ten of the fatalities, including Fabillar, as having been their armed revolutionaries, but assert that the remaining nine individuals - including Alano, Santuyo, Ledesma, Wendel, Prijoles, Sorem, and two minors - were civilians.[15]

Background

Cessation of peace talks and establishment of NTF-ELCAC

The Toboso incident took place in the context of the ongoing conflict between the Philippine government and the Marxist–Leninist–Maoist New People's Army (NPA).

The Philippine government had been undertaking new offensives against the NPA since November 2017, when President Rodrigo Duterte terminated the various rounds of peace talks which had been ongoing between the government and the NPA since the late 1980s.[16][17][18] This led to the 2018 establishment of an agency called the National Task Force to End Local Communist Armed Conflict (NTF-ELCAC) through Executive Order No. 70., and the Duterte administration's labeling of the NPA as a terrorist organization under the Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020.[19]

On December 9, 2021, the Supreme Court of the Philippines struck two provisions of the Anti-Terrorism Act as unconstitutional:[19] firstly, the second paragraph of Section 25 which would have allowed the automatic adoption of foreign jurisdictions or international organizations to define "terrorists" or "terror groups"; and a qualifier under Section 4(e) which would have allowed "advocacy, protest, dissent and similar actions" to be defined as terror acts if alleged to be "intended to cause death or serious physical harm to a person, to endanger a person’s life, or to create a serious risk to public safety.”."[19] The court declared this provision "overbroad and violative of freedom of expression," and so the section now says that terrorism "shall not include advocacy, protest, dissent, stoppage of work, industrial or mass action, and other similar exercises of civil and political rights."[19] Local and International Human Rights Groups such as Amnesty International, however, expressed concern that the law "remains dangerous and fundamentally flawed."[19]

AFP Strategic Plans

Since the promulgation of the Anti Terror Act in 2021, the Armed Forces' offensives against the NPA have been defined by two strategic plans: the Development Support and Security Plan (DSSP) "Kapayapaan" from 2017–2022, and the AFP PLEDS (Peace, Law Enforcement, and Development Support) Plan "Pagkakaisa" since 2023, which is intended to be in force until 2028.[20]

In his 2025 State of the Nation Address, President Ferdinand “Bongbong” Marcos Jr. claimed that there were "no more guerilla groups in the country," echoing earlier claims of success from the AFP after focused military operations, the targetting of leaders, and the constriction of lines of support,[21] although media groups such as VeraFiles point out that a high number of encounters, which saw 146 alleged NPA killed between January to November 2024, was an indication of the continued existence of the organization.[21]

Dismantling of the NPA's Northern Negros Front

On April 6, 2021, the joint security forces issued a joint resolution declaring that the Philippine Army's 79th Infantry Battalion (79IB) already dismantled the Northern Negros Front (NNF) of the New People's Army (NPA). Twenty-five of the 26 insurgency-cleared villages in Negros Occidental by July are located in the northern part.[22]

The 79IB, based in Sagay, covers mainly the three districts comprising the northern part of the province as well as Bacolod.[22] Meanwhile, the NNF is part of the NPA's Komiteng Rehiyon-Negros, Cebu, Bohol and Siquijor.[22][23]

However, remnants of the front in the northern Negros were trying to regain their lost territory,[22][23] being figured in clashes with government troops in Silay, Manapla and Calatrava within a year thereafter and suffering further casualties on their side.[23]

Manhunt for Fabillar

Roger Fabillar[a] led the dismantled NNF of the NPA,[24] being a hitman tasked for special operations.[25] He had faced murder cases in northern Negros[25] for his alleged involvement in the summary execution of at least 36 civilians accused of being military informants since 2025;[26] as the NNF had been linked by the military to these[24] which occurred particularly in Calatrava, Toboso,[24][14] and Escalante.[24] The Philippine Army alleged that Fabillar was involved in arson and extortion as well.[26] A manhunt for him was launched four years prior.[25]

In 2023, a ₱1-million cash reward was offered by the 79th Infantry Battalion for Fabillar's arrest or neutralization; and[25][14] a 2026 news article from Inquirer.net later asserted that a ₱2-million bounty for Fabillar's arrest or neutralization had been put up by private individuals.[26]

Events

While full details of the encounter have not yet been fully uncovered, a few details have found their way into media reports, as reports both sides revealed some details.[27]

April 6 clash

On April 6, the Army's 79IB clashed twice with Fabillar's group in Barangay Minautok, Calatrava, injuring a soldier.[24]

April 19 encounter

A second encounter[24] between the 79IB and the NPA NNF occured on April 19 at the temporary encampment by the NPA in Sitio Sinugmawan, Barangay Salamanca, Toboso,[24][28] with the 79IB claiming to be acting based on information from local residents.[26]

The initial firefight broke out at around 3:58 a.m.[24][b] Eight clashes[25] against the NNF remnants[14] took place in Sitio Sinugmawan and Sitio Plaringding between that time and 3 p.m. of the same day.[25][26]

Ledesma's employer, Altermidya-People's Alternative Media Network, noted in an April 22 statement that Ledesma "was not in the initial clash site in Sitio Sinugmawan," and that he was instead "attacked in a separate peasant community in Sitio Plariding during an ensuing military pursuit operation." It said that Ledesma had been doing "immersion reporting on the effects of renewable energy projects – including solar farm expansion and windmill projects – on vulnerable farmer communities."[29]

A 79IB soldier was brought to a hospital in Bacolod for treatment[26][28] after sustaining two gunshot wounds, one in each arm.[26]

The 79IB said that it recovered 19 assorted firearms during the operation.[26]

Evacuations

Toboso mayor Richard Jaojoco reported that the clashes forced the evacuation of 167[25]–168[26] families or 653 individuals[25][14] from the adjacent villages of Salamanca and San Jose, being brought to two schools.[25] Escalante mayor Melecio Yap reported that more than 200 residents near the Escalante–Toboso boundary evacuated as a precaution.[26]

Retrieval of bodies and identification of fatalities

Later, in pursuit operations in a fishpond area in Sitio Plaringding—about three kilometers from the initial encounter site[14]—the bodies of the slain rebels were recovered.[26] The following day, the Army's 303rd Infantry Brigade confirmed the deaths of at least 19 alleged "rebel remnants", including Fabillar.[25][26] The Philippine National Police retrieved the remains[26] which were later brought to Escalante for identification.[25]

That supposedly marked the highest number of rebel fatalities recorded in a single encounter in Negros since the 1990s. The operation was reportedly resulted to the fall of the leadership structure of the remaining NPA forces in northern Negros.[26]

April 22 arrests

Some suspected communists were able to escape following the Toboso encounter.[30] On April 22, five of them were arrested by security forces in Talisay,[30] including two high-ranking squad leaders—the NNF squad leader who had been the Negros Island Region's top 2 most wanted person; and a leader of a unit under the Central Negros Front 2.[31] Firearms and explosives were found in their possession.[30]

Aftermath

Army commanding general, Lt. Gen. Antonio Nafarrete, in a statement commended the 79IB for the outcome of the operation while condoling with the families of the dead.[25] Armed Forces of the Philippines chief Romeo Brawner Jr. declared the operation a "success" with the death of NPA commander Roger Fabillar.[32]

The Army has also released a statement on April 23, 2026 dismissing the claims that civilians were among those killed.[33]

On April 28, Toboso mayor Jaojoco and the Sangguniang Bayan (municipal council) unanimously declared the Communist Party of the Philippines, NPA, and the National Democratic Front (CPP–NPA–NDF) as persona non grata, strongly condemning the insurgency-related violence.[34]

Casualties

"Alyssa Alano (student leader)" and "RJ Nichole Ledesma" redirect here. For the film and TV actress, see Alyssa Alano. For the TV host, businessman and former teen actor, see RJ Ledesma.

The identities of the 19 fatalities slowly became available through media reports and government statements.[15][10][13]

These included:

The Police Regional Office Negros Island Region then identified six of the victims.[41] By April 27, 2026, the Communist Party of the Philippines had issued a statement through information officer Marco Valbuena in which they released the names of ten individuals whom they acknowledged as their armed revolutionaries:[6][42]

  • Roger "Ka Tapang" Fabillar, 37, NPA Northern Negros Front commander (identified by PNP)[41]
  • Rene "Kumander Pikot" Villarin Sr., 57, squad leader (identified by PNP)[41]
  • Genevieve "Ka Raia" Balora
  • Maria Clarita "Ka Sanim/Pat" Branzuel Blanco
  • Pedro A. Bonghanoy, medical officer (identified by PNP)[41]
  • Sonny Boy M. Caramihan, 28 (identified by PNP)[41]
  • Labskie Purisimia Enustacion, 33
  • Jocel Gimang, 18
  • Arnel M. Javoc, 32 (identified by PNP)[41]
  • Joros Caramihan y Ramos, 18

The CPP also acknowledged the names of Alano, Ledesma, Prijoles, Santuyo, Sorem, and Wendel, citing them as "civilian casualties," and added the name of 19-year-old local farmer Roel Sabillo (also identified by PNP)[41] to the group. In completing their list of nine civilian casualties, the CPP also noted two unnamed minors, a 15-year-old Toboso resident and a 17-year-old from Barangay Lalong, Calatrava.[42]

Responses

Reactions

On April 27, 2026, upon releasing its internal list of casualties in the encounter, the Communist Party of the Philippines issued a statement through information officer Marco Valbuena denouncing the military's alleged indiscriminate targeting of civilians in its operation against the NPA, stating that "Based on the initial information we have gathered, they [the nine civilian casualties] were killed despite the fact they were unarmed or non-combatants." It claimed that NPA leader Roger Fabillar was captured by the military alive before being executed based on drone footage that was briefly posted online, and further added that "We honor the squad of 10 Red fighters of the NPA who fought the fascists to their last breath... Their deaths weigh heavily on our hearts."[42]

Vice President Sara Duterte, former vice chairperson of the National Task Force to End Local Communist Armed Conflict, commended the Philippine Army's operation in Negros Occidental, praising the troops' "courage, discipline, and unwavering commitment" and recognized their sacrifices in serving the nation. She also urged parents and guardians to monitor their children's activities to prevent them from being influenced or recruited into "violent extremist groups".[43]

The University of the Philippines expressed deep sadness over the deaths of their students Alano and Santuyo. The university asserted that students are not limited to their classrooms and stands by their academic and civil rights. Concomitant with providing assistants to families and communities left behind by the two, UP has also called for and independent, transparent, and thorough investigation by the Commission on Human Rights (CHR).[44]

In a pastoral statement Bishop Gerardo Alminaza of the Roman Catholic Diocese of San Carlos in Negros Occidental called for "dialogue, justice, and respect for human life", called for government authorities to "exercise power with restraint, humility, and openness to scrutiny", and for all parties to move away from a continuing "cycle of violence", furthering "We mourn all who have died, regardless of political affiliation, or every life lost is a child of God."[45][46]

In mourning and condemnation, friends, schoolmates, families, and progressive groups left behind by the victims launched protests. Comedian-actress Tuesday Vargas called for justice in a rally on April 23, 2026 at the University of the Philippines Diliman.[47]

Colleagues of victims based in the United States held a candle-lighting in front of the Philippine Consulate in New York City condemning the massacre. The New York Committee of Human Rights of the Philippines (NYCHRP) explained that the 'barbaric massacre' was not an isolated event and criticized the "systemic and systematic violence by US and US-backed forces", pertaining to the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP).[48]

The ASEAN Parliamentarians for Human Rights (APHR) condemned the military operation, raising concern that nine of those killed were civilians. They said that "an operation that cannot distinguish between armed combatants and community workers is an indiscriminate attack that violates international humanitarian law," and called for the AFP to be held accountable.[49]

International Coalition for Human Rights in the Philippines condemned the killings, stating, "The sheer number of casualties, who are alleged by the Armed Forces of the Philippines to be NPA members, and the nature of the operations strongly point to possible widespread IHL [International Humanitarian Law] violations".[50]

Probes and investigations

On April 26, 2026, the CHR launched an independent investigation into the Toboso encounter following conflicting claims about the victims' identities, with the military describing them as combatants and other groups saying that some were civilians. The CHR said that international humanitarian law requires distinction between combatants and civilians and warned that alleged violations must be met with a prompt and impartial inquiry with accountability if proven. It said it was coordinating with stakeholders for evidence gathering and retrieval of remains. The CHR also raised concern over displaced families and urged authorities to provide aid, prevent further displacement, and address underlying issues such as poverty and inequality.[51] The Office of the President of the Philippines, through press officer Claire Castro, said that it respected the independent investigation by the CHR into the Toboso encounter.[52]

In the House of Representatives, the Makabayan bloc filed a resolution on April 27, 2026, seeking a House investigation into alleged killings of unarmed civilians during military operations in Toboso. Legislators questioned the military's claim that the fatalities were NPA combatants, citing witness accounts identifying some victims as civilians, and raised concerns over possible violations of human rights and international humanitarian law. The resolution urged the House Committee on Human Rights to examine the conduct of the Armed Forces of the Philippines' 79th Infantry Battalion, including the use of force and compliance with legal protections for civilians. Lawmakers also called for a review of Memorandum Order No. 32, citing concerns over increased militarization in the Negros island.[53]

On April 27, during a press conference of the Nabangani Negros Fact-Finding Mission, a national mission composed of former rebels, the Buklod Kapayapaan Federation Inc., a government-registered civil society organization, presented its findings. The federation asserted that neither community researchers nor journalists were killed, and that no immersion activities were conducted in the area prior to the incident, which was likewise claimed by the barangay captain of Salamanca. It also reported that a firearm was recovered at the initial encounter site. In the end, the federation condemned ongoing violence against civilians, saying that at least 48 have been killed by the communists in Negros since January 2025.[54]

Karapatan said that the incident was a massacre and not an encounter as claimed by the Philippine military. The National Union of People's Lawyer described the incident as a massacre and that there were "blatant violations of the principles that should apply in an armed encounter".[55]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Roger Fabillar had aliases "Arnel Tapang", "Jhong",[24][25][14][26] "Nono",[25][14][26] and "Domeng".[14][26]
  2. ^ In other sources: At around 4 a.m.[25][14][26]

References

  1. ^ Ofamen, Maycea (April 28, 2026). "Commander sang 79th IB sang Philippine Army, ginpasalamatan ang pagdayaw nga ila nabaton" [Commander of the 79th IB of the Philippine Army expresses gratitude for the praises they have received]. Bombo Radyo Bacolod (in Hiligaynon). Retrieved April 30, 2026.
  2. ^ "Statement of the Commission on Human Rights on the armed clash in Negros Occidental". Commission on Human Rights. Retrieved April 27, 2026.
  3. ^ Espiritu, Rex (April 27, 2026). "Army says ready to face probe over Toboso clash". Manila Standard. Retrieved April 28, 2026.
  4. ^ Abanilla, Izel; Calalo, Arlie O. (April 27, 2026). "2 Americans die in Negros clash". The Manila Times. Retrieved April 28, 2026. The Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) has denied claims that civilians were among the fatalities in the Toboso incident.
  5. ^ "Reds say 9 fatalities in Toboso military operations were noncombatants". ABS-CBN News. April 27, 2026. Retrieved April 28, 2026. ... to condemn the alleged Toboso massacre in Negros Occidental.
  6. ^ a b Gomez, Carla (April 27, 2026). "CPP releases names of casualties in 'Toboso 19,' including 9 civilians". Inquirer.net. Retrieved April 28, 2026.
  7. ^ a b "Filipino American mourned in WA after military kills 19 in Philippines". The Seattle Times. April 26, 2026. Retrieved April 27, 2026.
  8. ^ a b Mantaring, Jelo Ritzhie (April 24, 2026). "Alyssa Alano: Slain UP student leader's heart was 'with the people'". RAPPLER. Retrieved April 27, 2026.
  9. ^ a b "Who is Alyssa Alano, the UP student leader killed in Negros clash?". GMA News Online. April 23, 2026. Retrieved April 27, 2026.
  10. ^ a b Gregorio, Andrea (April 26, 2026). "Another UP student among killed in Negros clash; UPOU calls for probe". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved April 27, 2026.
  11. ^ a b Gonzalez, Mia (April 23, 2026). "RJ Ledesma: Poet, human rights activist, journalist writes 30". RAPPLER. Retrieved April 27, 2026.
  12. ^ Malasig, Jeline (April 24, 2026). "Poem 'When a journalist is killed' shared after Negros 'clash' deaths". Interaksyon. Retrieved April 27, 2026.
  13. ^ a b c Gregorio, Andrea; Gomez, Carla P. (April 27, 2026). "2 Fil-Ams, 2nd UP student among slain 'Negros 19'". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved April 27, 2026.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Gomez, Carla (April 20, 2026). "Rebel leader, over 10 others killed in Negros clash — Army". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved April 20, 2026.
  15. ^ a b Gomez, Carla (April 24, 2026). "UP student, journalist killed in clashes". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved April 27, 2026.
  16. ^ Montiel, Cristina J.; Paz, Erwine S. Dela; Medriano, Jose S. (October 12, 2022). "Narrative Expansion and "Terrorist" Labeling: Discursive Conflict Escalation by State Media". Journal of Social and Political Psychology. 10 (2): 518–535. doi:10.5964/jspp.5577. ISSN 2195-3325.
  17. ^ Santos, Eimor P. (December 29, 2017). "How peace talks with communist rebels failed". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on December 9, 2020. Retrieved February 22, 2024.
  18. ^ "The Hague Joint Declaration (September 1, 1992)" (PDF).
  19. ^ a b c d e "Anti-Terror Act remains dangerous and fundamentally flawed". Amnesty Philippines. December 9, 2021. Retrieved May 3, 2026.
  20. ^ Dava, Bianca (August 22, 2025). "PH Army reorients towards territorial defense, sustains counterinsurgency gains". ABS-CBN News.
  21. ^ a b Reyes, Miguel Paulo (August 17. 2025). "Wala nang grupong gerilya sa bansa?". {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  22. ^ a b c d Guadalquiver, Nanette (July 27, 2021). "Army's 79th IB cited for dismantling NPA's Northern Negros Front". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved April 28, 2026 – via National Task Force to End Local Communist Armed Conflict.
  23. ^ a b c Guadalquiver, Nanette (June 22, 2022). "Soldiers foil NPA rebels' attempt to recover area in north Negros". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved April 28, 2026.
  24. ^ a b c d e f g h i Masculino, Glazyl (April 19, 2026). "366 displaced by Negros gunfight". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved April 20, 2026.
  25. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Guadalquiver, Nanette (April 20, 2026). "NPA hitman, 18 other rebels killed in northern Negros clashes". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved April 20, 2026.
  26. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Gomez, Carla (April 21, 2026). "NPA leader, 18 other rebels slain in Negros". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved April 21, 2026.
  27. ^ "Two US citizens among 19 killed in raid on alleged communist stronghold: Philippine army". The Straits Times. April 26, 2026. ISSN 0585-3923. Retrieved April 27, 2026.
  28. ^ a b Bayoran, Gilbert (April 20, 2026). "2 soldiers, rebels injured in Negros gunfights". The Philippine Star. Retrieved April 20, 2026.
  29. ^ Guardian, Daily (April 22, 2026). "Community journalist among 19 killed in Toboso clash". Daily Guardian. Retrieved April 27, 2026.
  30. ^ a b c Singuay, Mae (April 24, 2026). "Task force formed following Toboso clash; suspected rebels arrested in NegOcc". Panay News. Retrieved April 26, 2026.
  31. ^ Guadalquiver, Nanette (April 23, 2026). "Relatives claim 8 of 19 slain rebels in NegOcc town". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved April 26, 2026.
  32. ^ Sadongdong, Martin (April 25, 2026). "'Legitimate or massacre?' AFP Chief sings praises for troops as calls mount for probe into bloody Negros operation". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved April 28, 2026.
  33. ^ Nepomuceno, Priam (April 23, 2026). "Army: No truth to claims civilians killed in NegOcc clash". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved April 28, 2026.
  34. ^ Bayoran, Gilbert (April 29, 2026). "Toboso declares CPP-NPA-NDF 'persona non grata'". Visayan Daily Star. Retrieved April 29, 2026.
  35. ^ Evangelista, Jessica Ann (April 25, 2026). "Tuesday Vargas joins protest for slain UP student leader in Negros clash". Inquirer.net. Retrieved April 29, 2026.
  36. ^ ipguanzon (April 25, 2026). "RJ Ledesma: Writer, organizer, and witness to the margins". Cebu Daily News. Retrieved April 29, 2026.
  37. ^ Gomez, Jim (April 26, 2026). "Philippine officials say 2 Americans among suspected communist rebels killed in clash with troops". The Washington Post. Manila, Philippines. Retrieved April 29, 2026.
  38. ^ Delilan, Ambo (April 28, 2026). "From US to Toboso: The bloody journey of Fil-Am activist Lyle Prijoles". Rappler. Negros Occidental, Philippines. Retrieved April 29, 2026.
  39. ^ Jersey, Anakbayan New (May 30, 2012). "Filipino Youth and Students hold Founding Congress of Anakbayan-USA in the midst of Anti-NATO Protests in Chicago". Anakbayan New Jersey. Retrieved April 29, 2026.
  40. ^ News, MARIEL CELINE SERQUIÑA, GMA (April 27, 2026). "Who was Maureen Keil Santuyo, the other UP student killed in Negros clash?". GMA News Online. Retrieved May 2, 2026. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  41. ^ a b c d e f g Gomez, Carla P. (April 23, 2026). "PNP names 6 of 19 fatalities in Negros Occidental clash". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved April 27, 2026.
  42. ^ a b c Villanueva, Raymund B. (April 27, 2026). "10 NPA fighters, 9 civilians: CPP reveals list of Toboso casualties". Kodao Productions. Retrieved April 29, 2026.
  43. ^ Cahatol, Marilyn; Co, Allison (April 25, 2026). "Sara Duterte lauds Army on Negros Occidental clash amid calls for probe". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved April 28, 2026.
  44. ^ Office, UP System Media and Communication (April 27, 2026). "Statement on the Toboso Tragedy - University of the Philippines". Retrieved April 29, 2026.
  45. ^ Serquiña, Mariel Celine (April 27, 2026). "San Carlos bishop urges responsibility, accountability amid Toboso 'clash'". GMA News Online. Retrieved April 29, 2026.
  46. ^ jbaguia (April 25, 2026). "Bishop mourns casualties, urges nonviolence after Negros clash". Cebu Daily News. Retrieved April 29, 2026.
  47. ^ "Tuesday Vargas nakiisa sa rally para sa nasawing UP student: Hustisya!". INQUIRER.net. April 26, 2026. Retrieved April 29, 2026.
  48. ^ Llavanes Jr., Dave (April 29, 2026). "Vigil held in New York for Fil-Am victims of Negros Occidental clash". GMA News Online. Retrieved April 29, 2026.
  49. ^ Baclig, Cristina Eloisa (April 29, 2026). "Asean parliamentarians condemn Negros operation that killed 19". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved April 29, 2026.
  50. ^ Limatog, Airam (April 24, 2026). "Human rights groups condemn killing of 19 in Toboso, Negros 'clash'". Cebu Daily News. Retrieved May 2, 2026.
  51. ^ Flores, Claudine; Peralta-Malonzo, Third Anne (April 26, 2026). "CHR probes Toboso clash". SunStar. Retrieved April 28, 2026.
  52. ^ Bajo, Anna Felicia (April 27, 2026). "Palace won't intervene with CHR probe into Negros Occidental clash". GMA News Online. Retrieved April 28, 2026.
  53. ^ Guanzon, Ian Peter (April 27, 2026). "Makabayan bloc seeks House probe into Negros killings". Cebu Daily News. Retrieved April 28, 2026.
  54. ^ Francisquete, David Ezra (April 28, 2026). "Ex-rebels' group fact-finding shows fatalities in Negros clash not researchers, journalists". SunStar (Davao City). Retrieved April 29, 2026.
  55. ^ "Karapatan: 19 deaths in Toboso a 'massacre'". GMA News Online. April 29, 2026. Retrieved May 3, 2026.
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