Moxo languages
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|
| Moxo | |
|---|---|
| Mojos | |
| Geographic distribution | Beni Department |
| Ethnicity | 21,000 Moxo people (2004)[1][2] |
Native speakers | (10,000 cited 2000–2004)[1][2] |
| Linguistic classification | Arawakan
|
| Subdivisions | |
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | moxo1234 Mojeno |
Moxo (also known as Mojo, pronounced 'Moho') is a subgroup of the Arawakan languages spoken by the Moxo people of the Llanos de Moxos in northeastern Bolivia. The two extant languages of the Moxo people, Trinitario and Ignaciano, are as distinct from one another as they are from neighboring Arawakan languages. The extinct Magiana was also distinct.
The Moxo languages have an active–stative syntax.[3] They are both National Languages of Bolivia.[4]
Sociolinguistic background
[edit]The languages belong to a group of tribes that originally ranged through the upper Mamoré, extending east and west from the Guapure (Itenes) to the Beni, and are now centered in the Province of Moxos, Department of Beni, Bolivia.[5] They form part of the Mamoré-Guaporé linguistic area.[6][7]
Moxo was also the primary lingua franca (Spanish: lengua general) used in the Jesuit Missions of Moxos.[8]
Classification
[edit]The Moxo languages are most closely related to Bauré, Pauna, and Paikoneka. Together, they form the Mamoré-Guaporé languages (named after the Mamoré River and Guaporé River).
Jolkesky (2016)
[edit]Classification by Jolkesky (2016):[9]: 8
- Mamoré-Guaporé languages
- Bauré
- Bauré
- Carmelito
- Joaquiniano
- Muxojeóne
- Moxeno
- Ignaciano
- Trinitário
- Loretano
- Javierano
- Paikoneka
- Paikoneka
- Paunaka
- Paunaka
- Bauré
Danielsen (2011)
[edit]Classification by Danielsen (2011) and Danielsen & Terhart (2014: 226):[10][11]
- Baure languages
- Bauré
- Carmelito
- Joaquiniano: spoken in San Joaquín
- Pauna languages
- Paunaka
- Paikoneka
- Mojo languages
- Trinitário: spoken in Trinidad
- Ignaciano: spoken in San Ignacio
- Loretano: spoken in Loreto
- Javierano: spoken in San Javier
- Muchojeone
Vocabulary
[edit]Magíana word list from the late 1700s published in Palau and Saiz (1989):[12]: 170
Spanish gloss English gloss Magíana bueno good chimaré malo bad mononeparé el padre father nuuhá la madre mother nuuhéno el hermano brother nuuhamí uno one piyochó dos two tonocovó tres three mopoicovó
They did not count higher than 3.
Further reading
[edit]- Carvalho, Fernando O. de; Françoise Rose. Comparative reconstruction of Proto-Mojeño and the phonological diversification of Mojeño dialects. LIAMES, Campinas, v. 18, n. 1, p. 3–44, Jan./Jun. 2018. doi:10.20396/liames.v1i1.8648804
- Key, Mary Ritchie. 2015. Ignaciano dictionary. In: Key, Mary Ritchie & Comrie, Bernard (eds.) The Intercontinental Dictionary Series. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
- Gill, Ruth, and Wayne Gill. 2015. Trinitario dictionary. In: Key, Mary Ritchie & Comrie, Bernard (eds.) The Intercontinental Dictionary Series. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
References
[edit]- ^ a b Ignaciano at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ a b Trinitario at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Aikhenvald, "Arawak", in Dixon & Aikhenvald, eds., The Amazonian Languages, 1999.
- ^ "Justia Bolivia :: Nueva Constitución Política Del Estado > PRIMERA PARTE > TÍTULO I > CAPÍTULO PRIMERO :: Ley de Bolivia". bolivia.justia.com. Retrieved 2026-05-07.
- ^ https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10606b.htm Archived 2008-09-07 at the Wayback Machine, New Advent, Moxos Indians, Retrieved February 10, 2011.
- ^ Crevels, Mily; van der Voort, Hein (2008). "4. The Guaporé-Mamoré region as a linguistic area". From Linguistic Areas to Areal Linguistics. Studies in Language Companion Series. Vol. 90. pp. 151–179. doi:10.1075/slcs.90.04cre. ISBN 978-90-272-3100-0. ISSN 0165-7763.
- ^ Muysken, Pieter; Hammarström, Harald; Birchall, Joshua; Van Gijn, Rik; Krasnoukhova, Olga; Müller, Neele (2014). Linguistic areas: bottom-up or top-down? The case of the Guaporé-Mamoré Archived 2021-07-10 at the Wayback Machine. In: Comrie, Bernard; Golluscio, Lucia. Language Contact and Documentation / Contacto lingüístico y documentación. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 205-238.
- ^ Crevels, Mily. 2002. Speakers shift and languages die: An account of language death in Amazonian Bolivia. In Mily Crevels, Simon van de Kerke, Sérgio Meira & Hein van der Voort (eds.), Current Studies on South American Languages [Indigenous Languages of Latin America, 3], p. 9-30. Leiden: Research School of Asian, African, and Amerindian Studies (CNWS).
- ^ Jolkesky, Marcelo. 2016. Uma reconstrução do proto-mamoré-guaporé (família arawák). LIAMES 16: 7-37.
- ^ Danielsen, Swintha (2011). The personal paradigms in Baure and other South Arawakan languages. In Antoine Guillaume; Françoise Rose (eds.). International Journal of American Linguistics 77(4): 495-520.
- ^ Danielsen, Swintha; Terhart, Lena (2014). Paunaka. In Mily Crevels; Pieter Muysken (eds.). Lenguas de Bolivia, vol. III: Oriente, pp. 221-258. La Paz: Plural Editores.
- ^ Palau, Mercedes; Saiz, Blanca (1989). Moxos: Descripciones exactas e historia fiel de los indios, animales y plantas de la provincia de Moxos en el virreinato del Perú por Lázaro de Ribera, 1786–1794. Madrid: El Viso.
External links
[edit]
Wiktionary has a list of reconstructed forms at Appendix:Proto-Mojeño reconstructions
- Ignaciano (Intercontinental Dictionary Series)
- Trinitario (Intercontinental Dictionary Series)
- Mojeño Trinitario DoReCo corpus compiled by Françoise Rose. Audio recordings of narrative texts with transcriptions time-aligned at the phone level, translations, and - for some texts - time-aligned morphological annotations.