Citrulline
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| Names | |
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| IUPAC name
2-Amino-5-(carbamoylamino)pentanoic acid[1]
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| Identifiers | |
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3D model (JSmol)
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| 1725417, 1725415 D, 1725416 L | |
| ChEBI | |
| ChEMBL | |
| ChemSpider | |
| DrugBank | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.006.145 |
| EC Number |
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| 774677 L | |
| KEGG | |
| MeSH | Citrulline |
PubChem CID
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| UNII |
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CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |
| C6H13N3O3 | |
| Molar mass | 175.188 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance | White crystals |
| Odor | Odourless |
| log P | −1.373 |
| Acidity (pKa) | 2.508 |
| Basicity (pKb) | 11.489 |
| Thermochemistry | |
Heat capacity (C)
|
232.80 J K−1 mol−1 |
Std molar
entropy (S⦵298) |
254.4 J K−1 mol−1 |
| Related compounds | |
Related alkanoic acids
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Related compounds
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Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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The organic compound citrulline is a non-essential α-amino acid.[1][2] Its name is derived from citrullus, the Latin word for watermelon.[1] Although named and described by gastroenterologists since the late 19th century, it was first isolated from watermelon in 1914 by Japanese researchers Yatarō Koga and Ryō Ōtake,[3][4] and further codified in 1930.[5][6][7]
Citrulline has the formula H2NC(O)NH(CH2)3CH(NH2)CO2H.[1] It is a key intermediate in the urea cycle, the pathway by which mammals excrete ammonia by converting it into urea.[1] Citrulline is also produced as a byproduct of the enzymatic production of nitric oxide from the amino acid arginine, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase.[2]
Biosynthesis
[edit]Citrulline can be derived from:
- from arginine via nitric oxide synthase, as a byproduct of the production of nitric oxide for signaling purposes[1][2]
- from ornithine through the breakdown of proline or glutamine/glutamate[1]
- from asymmetric dimethylarginine via DDAH[2]
Citrulline is made from ornithine and carbamoyl phosphate in one of the central reactions in the urea cycle. It is also produced from arginine as a byproduct of the reaction catalyzed by NOS family (NOS; EC 1.14.13.39).[1][2][8] It is also prevalent in trichohyalin at the inner root sheath and medulla of hair follicles, where it is synthesized from arginine.[9] Arginine is first oxidized into N-hydroxyl-arginine, which is then further converted to citrulline concomitant with release of nitric oxide.[1][2]
Function
[edit]Citrulline is a metabolic intermediate within the urea cycle, which is the pathway by which mammals excrete ammonia by converting it into urea.[1][2] Citrulline is also produced as a byproduct of the enzymatic production of nitric oxide from the amino acid arginine, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase.[1][2] In the yeast species Saccharomyces cerevisiae, citrulline is a metabolic intermediate in the latter, cytosolic half of the arginine biosynthesis pathway.[10]
Several proteins contain citrulline as a result of a post-translational modification. These citrulline residues are generated by a family of enzymes called peptidylarginine deiminases, which convert arginine into citrulline in a process called citrullination or deimination with the help of calcium ions.[1][2] Proteins that normally contain citrulline residues include myelin basic protein, filaggrin, and several histone proteins, whereas other proteins, such as fibrin and vimentin are susceptible to citrullination during cell death and tissue inflammation.[2]
Circulating citrulline concentration is a biomarker of intestinal functionality.[11][12]
Uses
[edit]L-citrulline is sold as a dietary supplement.[1] It may be used in commercial products as a topical moisturizing agent for skin or for hairstyling.[1]
Although promoted to support athletic performance, there is no good evidence that taking citrulline as a supplement is effective or safe for this purpose.[13] Citrulline has not been approved as a prescription drug, has no confirmed clinical uses, and remains under preliminary research, as of 2026.[1][2][14]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Citrulline". PubChem, US National Library of Medicine. 23 May 2026. Retrieved 30 May 2026.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Citrulline". Human Metabolome Database. 2026. Retrieved 30 May 2026.
- ^ Koga, Yatarō; Ōtake, Ryō (1914). "Study report on the constituents of squeezed watermelon". Tokyo Kagaku Kaishi [Journal of the Tokyo Chemical Society]. 35 (5): 519–528. doi:10.1246/nikkashi1880.35.519.
- ^ Fragkos, Konstantinos C.; Forbes, Alastair (2011). "Was citrulline first a laxative substance? The truth about modern citrulline and its isolation" (PDF). Nihon Ishigaku Zasshi [Journal of the Japanese Society for the History of Medicine]. 57 (3): 275–292. PMID 22397107.
- ^ Wada, Mitsunori (1930). "On the occurrence of a new amino acid in watermelon. Citrullus vulgaris, Schrad". Proceedings of the Imperial Academy. 6 (1): 15–17. doi:10.2183/pjab1912.6.15.
- ^ Wada, Mitsunori (1930). "On the occurrence of a new amino acid in watermelon, Citrullus vulgaris, Schrad". Bulletin of the Agricultural Chemical Society of Japan. 6 (1–5): 32–34. doi:10.1271/bbb1924.6.32.
- ^ Wada, Mitsunori (1930). "Über Citrullin, eine neue Aminosäure im Preßsaft der Wassermelone, Citrullus vulgaris, Schrad". Biochemische Zeitschrift (in German). 224: 420–429.
- ^ Cox M, Lehninger AL, Nelson DR (2000). Lehninger principles of biochemistry (3rd ed.). New York: Worth Publishers. p. 449. ISBN 978-1-57259-153-0. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
- ^ Rogers, G. E.; Rothnagel, J. A. (1983). "A sensitive assay for the enzyme activity in hair follicles and epidermis that catalyses the peptidyl-arginine-citrulline post-translational modification". Current Problems in Dermatology. 11: 171–184. doi:10.1159/000408673. ISBN 978-3-8055-3752-0. PMID 6653155.
- ^ "Saccharomyces cerevisiae citrulline biosynthesis".
- ^ Fragkos, Konstantinos C.; Forbes, Alastair (2017-10-12). "Citrulline as a marker of intestinal function and absorption in clinical settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis". United European Gastroenterology Journal. 6 (2): 181–191. doi:10.1177/2050640617737632. PMC 5833233. PMID 29511548.
- ^ Crenn, P.; et al. (2000). "Post-absorptive plasma citrulline concentration is a marker of intestinal failure in short bowel syndrome patients". Gastroenterology. 119 (6): 1496–505. doi:10.1053/gast.2000.20227. PMID 11113071.
- ^ "Citrulline". Office of Dietary Supplements, US National Institutes of Health. 1 April 2024. Retrieved 30 May 2026.
- ^ "L-citrulline". ChemBL, European Molecular Biology Laboratory. 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2026.