Horwennefer
| Hor-Wennefer | |
|---|---|
Rebel Pharaoh (in Upper Egypt) | |
| Reign | 206/205–201/200 BC[1] |
| Successor | Ankhwennefer |
| Children | Ankhwennefer? |
| Died | before 197 BC |
Horwennefer (Ancient Egyptian: ḥr-wnn-nfr "Horus-Onnophris"; Ancient Greek: Άροννώφρις Haronnṓphris), also known as Hurganophor or Haronnophris,[1] was an Egyptian who led Upper Egypt in secession from the rule of Ptolemy IV Philopator in 205 BC. Along with his successor, Ankhwennefer (also known as Chaonnophris or Ankhmakis[2]), they held a large part of Egypt until 186 BC. No monuments are attested to this king, but a graffito dating to about 201 BC on a wall of the mortuary Temple of Seti I at Abydos, in which his name is written Ὑργοναφορ (Hyrgonaphor), is an attestation to the extent of his influence and the ideology of his reign.[3] He appears to have died before 197 BC.[citation needed]
A demotic document by Harpaesis son of Thotortaios is dated to the Year 1 of the king Hor-Wennefer, beloved of Isis, beloved of Amon-rasonther..[4]
Some researchers have interpreted contemporary accounts as suggesting that Horwennefer was a Nubian.[1][5] In contrast, egyptologist Günther Hölbl argued that demotic sources emphasized that Horwennefer and Ankhwennefer were native Egyptians, "reveal[ing] how nationally minded the movement was". Either way, both rebel pharaohs stressed their strong connections to Thebes.[6]
The Abydene graffito, one of the few documents remaining from his reign, is written in Egyptian using Greek letters, the oldest testimony of a development which would end in the Coptic script replacing the native Egyptian demotic.[7]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c Mélèze-Modrzejewski 1997, p. 150.
- ^ Hölbl 2000, p. 155ff.
- ^ Pfeiffer, Stefan (2015). Griechische und lateinische Inschriften zum Ptolemäerreich und zur römischen Provinz Aegyptus. Einführungen und Quellentexte zur Ägyptologie (in German). Vol. 9. Münster: Lit. pp. 108–110.
- ^ Wegner, Wolfgang; Chaufray, Marie-Pierre. "Two Early Ptolemaic Documents from Pathyris". S. L. Lippert / M. Schentuleit / M. A. Stadler (Hgg.), Sapientia Felicitas. Festschrift für Günter Vittmann zum 29. Februar 2016 (CENiM 14), Montpellier 2016.
- ^ Bianchi, Robert Steven (2004). Daily Life of the Nubians. Greenwood Press. p. 224. ISBN 0-313-32501-4.
- ^ Hölbl 2000, p. 155.
- ^ Clarysse, Willy (April 2004). "The Great Revolt of the Egyptians (205–186 BC)". University of California at Berkeley. Archived from the original on 11 March 2007.
Bibliography
[edit]- Hölbl, Günther (2000). History of the Ptolemaic Empire. Routledge. ISBN 9780415201452.
- Mélèze-Modrzejewski, Joseph (1997). The Jews of Egypt: From Rameses II to Emperor Hadrian. Princeton University Press. p. 150.