Gynecocracy
Gynecocracy is a term that refers to the rule of women over men. Also known as gynocracy, gynaecocracy, gyneocracy, and gynarchy.[1][2][3][4] It has been in use since the 17th century, building on the Greek word γυναικοκρατία found in Aristotle and Plutarch.[5][6] Unlike matriarchy, gynarchy is defined as women's rule rather than mothers.' It can be contrasted with Androcracy meaning rule by men.[7]
In the 1700s, Joseph-François Lafitau used the ancient Greek term to describe the organization of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy.[8] Following his footsteps scholars Johann Jakob Bachofen and Lewis Morgan used the term to refer to rule by women. Morgan again used the term to refer to the Haudenosaunee but Bachofen used it as part of his evolutionary model of history.[9]
Although the terms are synonyms, there are minute differences between them. Gynecocracy means 'women's social supremacy',[10] gynaecocracy means 'government by one woman', 'female dominance', and, derogatorily, 'petticoat government',[11] and gynocracy means 'women as the ruling class'.[12] Gyneocracy is rarely used in modern times.[13] In pornography and BDSM the term gynarchy is sometimes fetishized used for femdom and female-led relationship.
References
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ^ OED (1993), entries gynaecocracy, gynocracy, gynarchy & gyneocracy
- ^ Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged (G. & C. Merriam (Merriam-Webster), 1966), entries gynecocracy, gynocracy, & gynarchy.
- ^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 3d ed. 1992 (ISBN 0-395-44895-6)), entries gynecocracy, gynocracy, & gynarchy.
- ^ Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary (N.Y.: Random House, 2d ed. 2001 (ISBN 0-375-42566-7)), entries gynecocracy & gynarchy.
- ^ Liddell, Henry George, & Robert Scott, An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, for γυναικοκρατία.
- ^ Liddell, Henry George, & Robert Scott, A Greek–English Lexicon, for γυ^ναικο-κρα^τέομαι.
- ^ Leeuwe, Jules de, untitled comment (November 18, 1977) (emphases so in original), as a response to and with Leacock, Eleanor, Women's Status in Egalitarian Society: Implications for Social Evolution, in Current Anthropology, vol. 33, no. 1, supp. Inquiry and Debate in the Human Sciences: Contributions from Current Anthropology, 1960–1990 (February, 1992 (ISSN 0011-3204 & E-ISSN 1537-5382)), p. 241.
- ^ Edvard Westermarck (1921), The History of Human Marriage, Vol. 3, London: Macmillan, p. 108.
- ^ Banerjee, Roopleena (2015). "'Matriarchy' and Contemporary Khasi Society". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 76: 918–930. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 44156662.
- ^ Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged (G. & C. Merriam (Merriam-Webster), 1966), entry gynecocracy.
- ^ OED (1993), gynaecocracy
- ^ OED (1993), gynocracy
- ^ OED (1993), gyneocracy
Bibliography
[edit]- The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1993. ISBN 978-0-19-861271-1.
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