English: Causality of the I component with linear constitutive equation. (a) Effort is imposed on I and I imposes flow ; this corresponds to the assignment statements f := p/I , p = \int^t e d\tau and the corresponding block diagram. This is called integral causality. (b) Flow is imposed on I and I imposes effort; this corresponds to the assignment statements p = I f and e := \frac{dp}{dt} and the corresponding block diagram. This is called derivative causality.
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