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Chemical compound
Pharmaceutical compound
Dimdazenil , sold under the brand name Junoenil , is a medication used in the treatment of insomnia in China .[ 1] benzodiazepine derivative and a partial positive allosteric modulator of the GABAA receptor [ 2] affinity for the α1 subunit relative to the α2 , α3 , and α5 subunits .
Dimdazenil shows effectiveness in the treatment of insomnia , but has less intrinsic activity in comparison to currently-marketed benzodiazepines and the Z-drugs ;[ 3] side effects , such as motor incoordination .[ 3] [ 4]
Dimdazenil was originally developed by Roche , based on preclinical data, as a non-sedating anxiolytic , but was found to produce sedation in humans in phase I clinical trials . For this reason, it was subsequently licensed to Evotec , which is now developing it for the treatment of insomnia.[ 3] phase II clinical trials for this indication, with positive findings reported.[ 5]
^ Huang Z, Zhan S, Chen C, Zhang R, Zhou Y, He J, et al. (February 2024). "Efficacy and safety of Dimdazenil in adults with insomnia disorder: results from a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III trials" . Sleep . 47 (2). doi :10.1093/sleep/zsad272 . PMC 10851846 PMID 37875349 . ^ Guilleminault C (2010). Sleep Medicine ISBN 978-1-4377-1836-2 ^ a b c Monti JM, Pandi-Perumal SR, Möhler H (28 September 2010). GABA and Sleep: Molecular, Functional and Clinical Aspects 50– 51. ISBN 978-3-0346-0226-6 ^ Syed YY (March 2024). "Dimdazenil: First Approval" . Drugs . doi :10.1007/s40265-024-02020-9 . PMID 38546956 . ^ Plunkett JW (September 2007). Plunkett's Biotech & Genetics Industry Almanac 2008: Biotech & Genetics Industry Market Research, Statistics, Trends & Leading Companies ISBN 978-1-59392-087-6
GABAA receptor
Others: Alcohols (e.g., ethchlorvynol , amylene hydrate , ethanol )Barbiturates (e.g., amobarbital , pentobarbital , phenobarbital , secobarbital )Bromides (e.g., potassium bromide , sodium bromide )Carbamates (e.g., meprobamate )Chloral hydrate Clomethiazole Kava Neurosteroids (e.g., progesterone , zuranolone † )Paraldehyde Piperidinediones (e.g., glutethimide )Quinazolinones (e.g., methaqualone )Sulfonmethane Valerian Antihistamines (H1 receptor inverse agonists )Orexin receptor antagonists Melatonin receptor agonists Others
α1 -Adrenergic receptor antagonists (e.g., prazosin )α2 -Adrenergic receptor agonists (e.g., clonidine , tizanidine )Antipsychotics (e.g., quetiapine , olanzapine , risperidone , chlorpromazine )Ashwagandha Benzoctamine Cannabinoids (e.g., cannabis , dronabinol (THC ) , nabilone , Zenivol )Chamomile Fenadiazole GABAA receptor agonists (e.g., gaboxadol (THIP)† , muscimol , Amanita muscaria GABAB receptor agonists (e.g., sodium oxybate (γ-hydroxybutyrate (GHB)), baclofen , phenibut )GABA reuptake inhibitors (e.g., tiagabine )Gabapentinoids (e.g., gabapentin , gabapentin enacarbil , pregabalin )Hops Lavender Menthyl isovalerate Opioids (e.g., hydrocodone , oxycodone , morphine )Passion flower Scopolamine Serotonin precursors (tryptophan , 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP; oxitriptan ))Phenylpiperazines (e.g., trazodone , niaprazine )Theanine Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline , doxepin , trimipramine )Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., mirtazapine )Valnoctamide
Alcohols Barbiturates Benzodiazepines Carbamates Flavonoids Imidazoles Kava constituentsMonoureides Neurosteroids Nonbenzodiazepines Phenols Piperidinediones Pyrazolopyridines Quinazolinones Volatiles /gases Others/unsorted
3-Hydroxybutanal α-EMTBL AA-29504 Alogabat Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin )Bromide compounds (e.g., lithium bromide , potassium bromide , sodium bromide )Carbamazepine Chloralose Chlormezanone Clomethiazole Darigabat DEABL Deuterated etifoxine Dihydroergolines (e.g., dihydroergocryptine , dihydroergosine , dihydroergotamine , ergoloid (dihydroergotoxine) )DS2 Efavirenz Etazepine Etifoxine Fenamates (e.g., flufenamic acid , mefenamic acid , niflumic acid , tolfenamic acid )Fluoxetine Flupirtine Hopantenic acid KRM-II-81 Lanthanum Lavender oil Lignans (e.g., 4-O-methylhonokiol , honokiol , magnolol , obovatol )Loreclezole Menthyl isovalerate (validolum) Monastrol Nezavist (DCUK-Oet) Nicotinic acid Nicotinamide NTX-1955 (RO-7308480) Org 25,435 Phenytoin Propanidid Retigabine (ezogabine) Safranal Seproxetine Stiripentol Sulfonylalkanes (e.g., sulfonmethane (sulfonal) , tetronal , trional )Terpenoids (e.g., borneol )Topiramate Valerian constituents (e.g., isovaleric acid , isovaleramide , valerenic acid , valerenol )
