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C. K. Raju

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C. K. Raju (born 7 March 1954) is an Indian computer scientist, mathematician, educator, and physicist.[1]

Early life

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Raju was born on 7 March 1954 in Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India. He obtained a B.Sc. degree from the Institute of Science, Mumbai in 1973, an M.Sc. from the University of Mumbai in 1975, and a Ph.D. from the Indian Statistical Institute in 1980.[2]

Career

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During the early 1980s, Raju was a faculty member at the Department of Statistics at the University of Pune. He was a contributor to the first Indian supercomputer, PARAM (1988–91).[3] He has also engaged in amateur historical research, including claiming that the Jesuits brought calculus to Europe from India.[4][5] Certain elements of calculus were developed in India as well as other regions of the world centuries before the notion of calculus was formalized in Europe in the 17th century, but no evidence has been found for the claim that calculus itself was brought to Europe from India. Raju has also controversially claimed that the Western philosophy of science, including its aspects that pertain to time and the nature of mathematical proof, are rooted in the theocratic needs of the Roman Catholic Church.[6][7]

Raju built on E. T. Whittaker's controversial claim that Albert Einstein's theories of special and general relativity relied on the earlier work of Henri Poincaré. Raju claimed that they were "remarkably similar" and that Poincaré had published every aspect of special relativity in papers between 1898 and 1905. He also went further, claiming that Einstein's claimed failure to recognize an asserted need for functional differential equations constituted a mistake that underlies subsequent relativistic physics (a claim with which the broader scientific community widely disagrees), and proposed that relativistic physics be reformulated using functional differential equations.[8][9] He also introduced "retarded gravitation theory", a theory of gravitation which implies that gravity functions based on a value of distance that propagates through space across time rather than the instantaneous distance.[10]

Raju's claims regarding the historical origins of calculus, the origins and functionality of the Western philosophy of science, the priority of Einstein's discovery of special and general relativity versus Poincaré, the mathematical formulation of Einstein's theories, and the retarded gravitation theory are all widely viewed by the scientific community at large as unsupported, unsupportable, or both. The promotion of his theories has been viewed[by whom?] as part of an ethnonationalist right-wing cultural movement in India spearheaded by the Bharatiya Janata Party to frame Indian (specifically Hindu) mathematics, physics, and culture in general as inherently superior to that of all others and in particular "wronged" by Western forces.[11]

Awards

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Raju received the Telesio-Galilei Academy Award in 2010 for several claimed accomplishments in physics.[12] However, Telesio-Galilei Academy was generally considered a highly scientifically fringe organization at best, and stopped giving out awards entirely after 2013 following a series of investigations in 2012.[13][14][15]

Bibliography

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  • Raju, C.K. (1994). Time: Towards a Consistent Theory. Kluwer Academic. ISBN 978-0-7923-3103-2.
  • Raju, C.K. (2003). The Eleven Pictures of Time. Sage. ISBN 978-0-7619-9624-8.
  • Raju, C. K. (2007). Cultural Foundations of Mathematics: The nature of mathematical proof and the transmission of the calculus from India to Europe in the 16th c. CE. Pearson Longman. ISBN 978-81-317-0871-2.
  • Raju, C. K. (2009). Is Science Western in Origin?. Multiversity and Citizens International. ASIN B0030EG1FQ.
  • Raju, C. K. (2013). Euclid and Jesus: How and why the church changed mathematics and Christianity across two religious wars. Multiversity and Citizens International. ISBN 978-983-3046-17-1.

References

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  1. ^ "Dalai Lama hosts interactive discussion on Indian Philosophy and Modern Sciences". Phayul. 4 November 2016. Archived from the original on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
  2. ^ Raju, C. K. (August 1980). "Thesis" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 November 2024.
  3. ^ Pisharoty, Sangeeta Barooah (18 September 2003). "Beyond the history of Time". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 20 August 2004. Retrieved 24 April 2009..
  4. ^ José Ferreirós (2009), "Book Review: C.K. RAJU. Cultural Foundations of Mathematics: The Nature of Mathematical Proof and the Transmission of the Calculus from India to Europe in the 16th c. CE.", Philosophia Mathematica, 17{{citation}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  5. ^ Agrawal, D. P., The Kerala School, European Mathematics and Navigation, archived from the original on 1 October 2023
  6. ^ "GroundUp: UCT invites 'conspiracy theorist' to talk about decolonisation of science". Daily Maverick. 28 September 2017. Archived from the original on 29 September 2017.
  7. ^ "Cultural Foundations of Mathematics" (PDF), Ghadar Jari Hai, vol. 2, no. 1, 2007, archived from the original (PDF) on 11 October 2010, retrieved 13 April 2009 Book Review
  8. ^ C.K. Raju. Electromagnetic Time, chapter 5b, p.116-35 in Raju, C.K. (1994). Time: Towards a Consistent Theory. Kluwer Academic. ISBN 978-0-7923-3103-2.
  9. ^ See Raju, C.K. (2003). The Eleven Pictures of Time. Sage. ISBN 978-0-7619-9624-8. p.298-299.
  10. ^ Raju, C. K. (October 2012). "Retarded gravitation theory". AIP Conference Proceedings. 1483 (1): 260–276. arXiv:1102.2945. Bibcode:2012AIPC.1483..260R. doi:10.1063/1.4756973.
  11. ^ Nanda, Meera (January 2000). "The Science Wars in India". University of Nebraska Press: 206–213. ISBN 9780803219243.
  12. ^ "Gold Medal Winners 2010".
  13. ^ Collins, Harry; Bartlett, Andrew; Reyes-Callindo, Luis (May 2017). "Demarcating Fringe Science for Policy" (PDF). Mit Press Direct "Perspectives On Science". Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 November 2024.
  14. ^ Quinn, Joe; Bradley, Niall (April 2012). "Corruption in Science: Francesco Fucilla and the Telesio-Galilei Academy of Science".
  15. ^ Cassiopaea Forum, Laura (30 March 2012). "Telesio Galilei Academy of Science a Fraud?". Archived from the original on 20 November 2024. Retrieved 20 November 2024.

Further reading

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